The experimental campaign is dedicated to test and understand the pier scour phenomenon under steady and unsteady flow in live-bed condition. In addition, the interaction between the incoming dunes. and the scour process in vicinity of the pier is investigated For the steady conditions, two discharge values of 1.4 and 1.6 times the threshold flow rate are selected. A number of measuring positions are introduced to study the scour development, the characteristics of the dunes and their relationship with the scour depth, and finally the time-varying slope of the scour hole. The equilibrium time to achieve a dynamic equilibrium is found to be a decreasing function of the flow rate. The mean and minimum scour depths within the fluctuations after equilibrium are decreasing functions of the flow rate, while the maximum depth is an increasing function of the flow rate. The dune control of the scour fluctuations is analyzed. The amplitude of scour depth and dune fluctuations is computed based on different probability ranges to find out the interdependency between the depth fluctuation within the scour hole and the migrating dunes upstream. The amplitudes are similar for the dunes and the scour depth at the lower discharge; however, higher are found for elevation variation at mid-slope of the scour hole. On the contrary, for the higher discharge, the opposite trend is observed, with all the amplitudes of the points within the hole are similar and higher than the points upstream of the hole. Autocorrelation functions are used to assess the time scales of the dunes and the scour depth fluctuations. Further analysis of the scour hole is carried out to understand the mechanism of sediment avalanche within the hole. Slope stability analysis is performed using the Fellenius method to enlighten the mechanism of sediment failure into the hole, in this way interpreting the experimental measurements of the hole slope variation. In addition, the scour hole slope dependency on the flow rate is measured, as higher slope is evident at lower flow rate. Moreover, the celerity of the dunes is calculated using three different methods (cross-correlation function, user-determined overlap and sediment mass balance using the amplitude values), finding the dunes celerity as an increasing function of the flow rate. Discharges of 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 times the threshold were used to build different stepwise hydrographs for unsteady runs, where equilibrium sediment feeding was always used. The distance of the next approaching dune to the pier nose at the time of discharge modification is the experimental control introduced to assess the scour depth behavior during the transition phases between the hydrograph steps. The scour proceeds more when the nearest dune is far upstream and is instead lowered when the dune is on the edge of the scour hole at the time of discharge modification. The mean, minimum and maximum values of the scour depth at different hydrograph steps are evaluated, with the mean and minimum gradually decreasing during the rising limb, while the maximum scour depth remains almost constant over the whole period of the hydrograph.
La campagna sperimentale è volta a studiare il fenomeno dell’erosione localizzata a una pila di ponte, in condizioni di live-bed e con flussi sia stazionari che non stazionari. Inoltre, è studiata l'interazione tra le dune in arrivo e il processo erosivo in prossimità della pila. Le prove in condizioni stazionarie sono state condotte per due valori di portata, pari a 1,4 e 1,6 volte la portata limite per il trasporto solido. La quota del letto è stata misurata in continuo in numerose posizioni per studiare lo sviluppo dello scavo localizzato, le caratteristiche delle dune e, infine, la pendenza della buca di erosione. Il tempo necessario per raggiungere un equilibrio dinamico si rivela essere una funzione decrescente della portata. Le profondità di scavo medie e minime (considerando le fluttuazioni dopo il raggiungimento dell'equilibrio) sono funzioni decrescenti della portata, mentre la profondità massima è una funzione crescente della portata. Per quanto riguarda il controllo esercitato dalle dune sulle fluttuazioni della profondità di erosione, l'ampiezza delle oscillazioni è stata calcolata in base a diversi intervalli di probabilità ed è risultata simile per le dune e la profondità di erosione alla portata inferiore (per quanto, tuttavia, ampiezze maggiori si siano misurate lungo il pendio di monte della buca di erosione). Al contrario, per la portata maggiore, si è osservata una tendenza differente, con le ampiezze delle oscillazioni dello scavo maggiori di quelle relative alle dune in arrivo. Sono state usate delle funzioni di autocorrelazione per valutare le scale temporali delle dune e delle fluttuazioni della profondità di erosione. Ulteriori analisi sono state effettuate per comprendere il meccanismo degli scivolamenti del materiale solido nella fossa di erosione. L'analisi della stabilità del pendio è stata eseguita utilizzando il metodo Fellenius, interpretando in questo modo le misurazioni sperimentali della variazione della pendenza della buca. Infine, la celerità delle dune è stata calcolata utilizzando tre diversi metodi, ed è risultata essere una funzione crescente della portata. Le prove in condizioni non stazionarie sono state realizzate creando degli idrogrammi a gradini con le portate di 1,2, 1,4 e 1,6 volte la portata limite. L’alimentazione solida è stata sempre mantenuta in equilibrio con la portata idrica. Le prove non stazionarie sono state condotte variando il tempo a cui la portata veniva modificata, in funzione della posizione della duna più prossima alla buca di erosione. L’erosione procede maggiormente quando la duna più vicina è distante dalla buca, e viene invece smorzata quando la duna si trova sul bordo della fossa di erosione al momento della modifica della portata. Sono stati valutati i valori medi, minimi e massimi della profondità di scavo nelle diverse fasi dell'idrogramma, con le medie e i minimi gradualmente decrescenti durante la fase di crescita, mentre la profondità massima è rimasta quasi costante per tutto il periodo dell'idrogramma.
Live-bed pier scour under steady and unsteady conditions
MONOFY, AHMED MOSTAFA IBRAHEM MOSTAFA
2016/2017
Abstract
The experimental campaign is dedicated to test and understand the pier scour phenomenon under steady and unsteady flow in live-bed condition. In addition, the interaction between the incoming dunes. and the scour process in vicinity of the pier is investigated For the steady conditions, two discharge values of 1.4 and 1.6 times the threshold flow rate are selected. A number of measuring positions are introduced to study the scour development, the characteristics of the dunes and their relationship with the scour depth, and finally the time-varying slope of the scour hole. The equilibrium time to achieve a dynamic equilibrium is found to be a decreasing function of the flow rate. The mean and minimum scour depths within the fluctuations after equilibrium are decreasing functions of the flow rate, while the maximum depth is an increasing function of the flow rate. The dune control of the scour fluctuations is analyzed. The amplitude of scour depth and dune fluctuations is computed based on different probability ranges to find out the interdependency between the depth fluctuation within the scour hole and the migrating dunes upstream. The amplitudes are similar for the dunes and the scour depth at the lower discharge; however, higher are found for elevation variation at mid-slope of the scour hole. On the contrary, for the higher discharge, the opposite trend is observed, with all the amplitudes of the points within the hole are similar and higher than the points upstream of the hole. Autocorrelation functions are used to assess the time scales of the dunes and the scour depth fluctuations. Further analysis of the scour hole is carried out to understand the mechanism of sediment avalanche within the hole. Slope stability analysis is performed using the Fellenius method to enlighten the mechanism of sediment failure into the hole, in this way interpreting the experimental measurements of the hole slope variation. In addition, the scour hole slope dependency on the flow rate is measured, as higher slope is evident at lower flow rate. Moreover, the celerity of the dunes is calculated using three different methods (cross-correlation function, user-determined overlap and sediment mass balance using the amplitude values), finding the dunes celerity as an increasing function of the flow rate. Discharges of 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 times the threshold were used to build different stepwise hydrographs for unsteady runs, where equilibrium sediment feeding was always used. The distance of the next approaching dune to the pier nose at the time of discharge modification is the experimental control introduced to assess the scour depth behavior during the transition phases between the hydrograph steps. The scour proceeds more when the nearest dune is far upstream and is instead lowered when the dune is on the edge of the scour hole at the time of discharge modification. The mean, minimum and maximum values of the scour depth at different hydrograph steps are evaluated, with the mean and minimum gradually decreasing during the rising limb, while the maximum scour depth remains almost constant over the whole period of the hydrograph.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/138929