The current economic context is not only shifting to a global competition model, but, while 50 years ago the top companies by market capitalization owed their position thanks to control and exploitation of natural resources, nowadays most of them have been overcome by talent-based organizations. The traditional models of Taylorism and Fordism are not compatible with current work requirements, indeed through all the investigation it emerges the need for organizational change, not only pushed by economic interests to better fit the competitive scenario, but also sought by employees to improve their lives. However, human resources specialized companies show a misalignment between employer’s value proposition and workforce expectation, according to which in Italy employees seek for work-life balance and pleasant work atmosphere, but companies overall fall in delivering these aspects. Trying to fill the gap, in the last five decades, many innovative Human Resources policies have been introduced. A focused analysis of the organizational trends showed that despite having different principle and practical implications, they all have positive outcomes and result being complementary. In fact, Smart Working tries to embrace many of those factors in a unique solution, corresponding to a work practice that is characterized by spatial and temporal flexibility, supported by technological tools, and that provides all employees of an organization with the best working conditions to accomplish their tasks. The implementation of these frameworks in Italy has been limited in time by the static legislation, until the January 2016 draft low regulating the autonomous work, encouraging flexible articulation in the times and places of subordinate work, and for the first time conceiving its application in public administrations. Scope of the investigation was to assess the diffusion and impacts of Smart Working in a real case scenario, Job Demands-Resources (J D-R) model was introduced as framework for the analysis. First presented in 2001 by Demerouti, Bakker et al., with the objective of understanding the reasons of job-related burnout, it gained popularity among researches for his flexibility, that allows its use in different contexts. According to the model, all the variable involved in a workplace context can be clustered as: o Job demands, defined as those physical, social, or organizational aspects of the job that require sustained physical or mental effort, which result in Job- related strain o Job resources, defined as those physical, social, or organizational aspects of the job that may be functional in achieving work goals, reduce job demands or stimulate personal growth and development, so increasing motivation. Beside the aim of understanding the overall implications of the variables involved, the use of the J D-R model and Smart Working literature lead to the formulation of three research questions. 1. What are the drivers of job motivation and strain? 2. How the employees perceive SW implication on the organization and them-selves? 3. What’s the role of culture in SW, how does it impact the performance and other organizational outcomes? In collaboration with SW Observatory of Politecnico di Milano, and based on literature, a survey structure (annex 2) and potential questions were developed to collect employees feedback on a Smart Working implementation project. Additionally, thanks to an ongoing research in the Observatory it was possible to have access to information of the involved public organizations, after a selection process, CSI Piemonte was considered the best candidate as its flexibility initiatives were beyond the experimentation phase and are currently used by 286 employees, allowing them to work outside the office for a maximum of 25 days per semester based on their needs. After customizing the survey in collaboration with the selected administration, answers were collected through the digital platform SurveyMonkey; the collection phase achieved a response rate of 65%, for a total of 185 employees. The analysis allowed to picture the overall impact of the introduced SW initiatives, answering second research question, from employees’ perspective the introduction of flexibility is perceived as an improving change for both organization performances and workers’ wellbeing. Almost 80% of the sample use flexible work thinking that it relevantly improves performances, efficiency and work-life balance. On average the preferred place to work outside the office is home, where 25% of the daily work is performed, but despite the introduction of adequate tools and policies employees still perceive limited time and place flexibility. This confirms the relevance of the type of job and industry, as many other organizations, a public administration in most of the activities is constrained to the respect of office schedule. Overall good levels of satisfaction are reflected by the job-engagement, employees express gratification from hard-work and often loose time perception when working, though, over-working on the long run might be cause of faster burnout. Nevertheless, unexpected result was the negative correlation between burnout and workload, in light of Job demands-resources model, when employees have good level of autonomy and support from both leaders and colleagues, they engage in job crafting. This process allows workers to change their perspective on demanding situations, where workload is not perceived anymore as something negative but rather a challenge and stimulus, reducing the levels of burnout. In general, autonomy, work engagement, good work-life balance and support from both colleagues and leaders, that are all considered job-related resources, allow the employees to cope with the warning levels of emotional burnout and depersonalization measured. A relevant cause of the high level of frustration expressed by 84% of the sample, is the unclear scope and responsibility, known as role ambiguity in the J D-R framework. CSI Piemonte should implement targeted actions to frame roles and clarify responsibilities, these would reduce conflicting demand that generate office tension, lowering the frustration level and the probability of negative outcomes. Results show that the project had different effects according to personal characteristics, regarding the generational differences, old people even if acknowledge the benefits of flexibility, stick more to the traditional work model. While young, valuing more their personal obligations, spend more of their working time at home. Though, the choice of working more than 30% at home is also related with negative outcomes for personal career, reduced engagement and team commitment that are reflected in reduced motivation and job performances. Finally, the investigation assessed the relevance of organizational culture, as it was found a significative correlation between the awareness of working for company wellbeing with both quantity and accuracy of work. In line with self-determination theory, the feeling of relatedness, as being part of a greater plan, is key in the motivational process, therefore organizations would achieve better performances with actions targeted at introducing in their culture aspects for engagement generation, such as recognition of individual contribution to the company and employees’ involvement in the strategic decisional process.
L'attuale contesto economico non si sta solo spostando verso un modello di competizione globale, ma, mentre 50 anni fa le principali società per capitalizzazione nel mercato dovevano la loro posizione grazie al controllo e allo sfruttamento delle risorse naturali, oggi la maggior parte di esse è stata superata da organizzazioni basate sul talento. I modelli tradizionali di taylorismo e fordismo non sono compatibili con le attuali esigenze lavorative, anzi attraverso tutte la ricerca emerge la necessità di un cambiamento organizzativo, non solo spinto dagli interessi economici per adattarsi meglio allo scenario competitivo, ma anche ricercato dai dipendenti per migliorare le loro vite. Tuttavia, le società specializzate nel settore delle risorse umane mostrano un disallineamento tra la proposta di valore del datore di lavoro e l'aspettativa della forza lavoro, secondo cui in Italia i dipendenti cercano l'equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata e un'atmosfera di lavoro piacevole, ma le aziende in generale non sono in grado di fornire questi aspetti. Cercando di colmare il divario, negli ultimi cinquant'anni sono state introdotte molte politiche innovative sulle risorse umane. Un'analisi mirata delle tendenze organizzative ha dimostrato che, nonostante abbiano principi e implicazioni pratiche differenti, hanno tutti risultati positivi e risultano complementari. Infatti, lo Smart Working cerca di abbracciare molti di questi fattori in una soluzione unica, corrispondente a una pratica lavorativa che è caratterizzata da flessibilità spaziale e temporale, supportata da strumenti tecnologici, e che fornisce a tutti i dipendenti di un'organizzazione le migliori condizioni di lavoro per svolgere i loro compiti. L'implementazione di questi quadri in Italia è stata limitata nel tempo dalla statica legislazione, fino al progetto di legge gennaio 2016 che ha regolato il lavoro autonomo, incoraggiando un'articolazione flessibile nei tempi e nei luoghi di lavoro subordinato e per la prima volta concependo la sua applicazione nelle pubbliche amministrazioni. Lo scopo dell'indagine è stato quello di valutare la diffusione e gli impatti di Smart Working in un caso reale, il modello Job Demands-Resources (J D-R) è stato introdotto come framework per l'analisi. Presentato per la prima volta nel 2001 da Demerouti, Bakker e al., Con l'obiettivo di comprendere le ragioni dell’esaurimento legato al lavoro, ha guadagnato popolarità tra i ricercatori per la sua flessibilità, che ne consente l'uso in diversi contesti. Secondo il modello, tutte le variabili coinvolte in un contesto lavorativo possono essere raggruppate come: o Esigenze lavorative, definite come quegli aspetti fisici, sociali o organizzativi del lavoro che richiedono uno sforzo fisico o mentale prolungato, che si traducono in stress legato al lavoro o Risorse lavorative, definite come quegli aspetti fisici, sociali o organizzativi del lavoro che possono essere funzionali al raggiungimento degli obiettivi di lavoro, ridurre le richieste di lavoro o stimolare la crescita personale e lo sviluppo, aumentando così la motivazione. Oltre allo scopo di comprendere le implicazioni complessive delle variabili coinvolte, l'uso del modello J D-R e della letteratura sullo Smart Working hanno portato alla formulazione di tre domande di ricerca. 1. Quali sono i driver della motivazione e della tensione sul lavoro? 2. In che modo i dipendenti percepiscono le implicazioni dello SW sull'organizzazione e su se stessi? 3. Qual è il ruolo della cultura nello SW, come influisce sulle prestazioni e altri risultati organizzativi? In collaborazione con l'Osservatorio SW del Politecnico di Milano, e sulla base della letteratura, sono stati sviluppati la struttura del questionario e potenziali domande per raccogliere i feedback dei dipendenti su un progetto di implementazione di Smart Working. Inoltre, grazie a una attuale ricerca nell'Osservatorio è stato possibile accedere alle informazioni delle organizzazioni pubbliche coinvolte, dopo un processo di selezione, CSI Piemonte è stato considerato il miglior candidato in quanto le sue iniziative di flessibilità erano oltre la fase di sperimentazione e sono attualmente utilizzate da 286 dipendenti, consentendo loro di lavorare fuori dall'ufficio per un massimo di 25 giorni a semestre in base alle loro esigenze. Dopo aver personalizzato il sondaggio in collaborazione con l'amministrazione selezionata, le risposte sono state raccolte attraverso la piattaforma digitale SurveyMonkey; la fase di raccolta ha raggiunto un tasso di risposta del 65%, per un totale di 185 dipendenti. L'analisi ha permesso di illustrare l'impatto complessivo delle iniziative SW introdotte, rispondendo alla seconda domanda di ricerca, dal punto di vista dei dipendenti, l'introduzione della flessibilità è percepita come un cambiamento in miglioramento sia per le prestazioni dell'organizzazione che per il benessere dei lavoratori. Quasi l'80% del campione usa il lavoro flessibile pensando che migliora in modo significativo le prestazioni, l'efficienza e l'equilibrio tra vita lavorativa e vita privata. In media, il luogo preferito per lavorare al di fuori dell'ufficio è casa, dove viene eseguito il 25% del lavoro giornaliero, ma nonostante l'introduzione di strumenti e politiche adeguati, i dipendenti percepiscono ancora tempo e flessibilità limitati. Ciò conferma la rilevanza del tipo di lavoro e dell'industria, poiché comi in molte altre organizzazioni, una pubblica amministrazione nella maggior parte delle attività è vincolata al rispetto degli orari di ufficio. Nel complesso, i buoni livelli di soddisfazione si riflettono nel coinvolgimento lavorativo, i dipendenti esprimono gratificazione dal duro lavoro e spesso perdono la percezione del tempo quando lavorano, tuttavia, un eccessivo lavoro a lungo termine potrebbe essere causa di un esaurimento più veloce. Risultato inatteso è stata la correlazione negativa tra esaurimento e carico di lavoro, alla luce del modello Job Demands-Resources, quando i dipendenti hanno un buon livello di autonomia e supporto da leader e colleghi, si impegnano nel Job Crafting. Questo processo consente ai lavoratori di cambiare prospettiva in situazioni impegnative, in cui il carico di lavoro non è più percepito come qualcosa di negativo, ma piuttosto come una sfida e uno stimolo, riducendo i livelli di stress. In generale, autonomia, impegno lavorativo, buon equilibrio tra vita lavorativa e vita professionale e supporto da parte di colleghi e dirigenti, che sono tutti considerati risorse legate al lavoro, consentono ai dipendenti di far fronte agli allarmanti livelli di esaurimento emotivo e depersonalizzazione misurati. Una causa rilevante dell'elevato livello di frustrazione espresso dall'84% del campione, sono l'ambito e le responsabilità non chiari, noti come ambiguità di ruolo nel framework J D-R. Il CSI Piemonte dovrebbe attuare azioni mirate per inquadrare i ruoli e chiarire le responsabilità, riducendo così le tensioni in ufficio, abbassando il livello di frustrazione e la probabilità di effetti indesiderati. I risultati mostrano che il progetto ha avuto effetti diversi in base alle caratteristiche personali, per quanto riguarda le differenze generazionali, gli anziani, anche se riconoscono i benefici della flessibilità, si attengono più al modello di lavoro tradizionale. Mentre i giovani, valutando di più i loro obblighi personali, trascorrono più tempo a casa. Tuttavia, la scelta di lavorare oltre il 30% a casa è anche correlata con risultati negativi per la carriera personale, un impegno ridotto e un minore impegno di gruppo che si riflettono in una riduzione della motivazione e delle prestazioni lavorative. Infine, l'indagine ha valutato la rilevanza della cultura organizzativa, in quanto è stata rilevata una correlazione significativa tra la consapevolezza di lavorare per il benessere aziendale con la quantità e l'accuratezza del lavoro. In linea con la teoria dell'autodeterminazione, il sentimento di appartenenza, di contribuire a un piano più grande, è fondamentale nel processo motivazionale, quindi le organizzazioni otterrebbero prestazioni migliori con azioni mirate ad introdurre nei loro valori culturali il coinvolgimento, attraverso per esempio il riconoscimento del contributo individuale all'impresa e rendendo i dipendenti partecipi nel processo decisionale della strategia.
The diffusion and impacts of smart working within CSI Piemonte : an empirical analysis based on the job demands-resources framework
DONATI SALINAS, FRANCESCO
2017/2018
Abstract
The current economic context is not only shifting to a global competition model, but, while 50 years ago the top companies by market capitalization owed their position thanks to control and exploitation of natural resources, nowadays most of them have been overcome by talent-based organizations. The traditional models of Taylorism and Fordism are not compatible with current work requirements, indeed through all the investigation it emerges the need for organizational change, not only pushed by economic interests to better fit the competitive scenario, but also sought by employees to improve their lives. However, human resources specialized companies show a misalignment between employer’s value proposition and workforce expectation, according to which in Italy employees seek for work-life balance and pleasant work atmosphere, but companies overall fall in delivering these aspects. Trying to fill the gap, in the last five decades, many innovative Human Resources policies have been introduced. A focused analysis of the organizational trends showed that despite having different principle and practical implications, they all have positive outcomes and result being complementary. In fact, Smart Working tries to embrace many of those factors in a unique solution, corresponding to a work practice that is characterized by spatial and temporal flexibility, supported by technological tools, and that provides all employees of an organization with the best working conditions to accomplish their tasks. The implementation of these frameworks in Italy has been limited in time by the static legislation, until the January 2016 draft low regulating the autonomous work, encouraging flexible articulation in the times and places of subordinate work, and for the first time conceiving its application in public administrations. Scope of the investigation was to assess the diffusion and impacts of Smart Working in a real case scenario, Job Demands-Resources (J D-R) model was introduced as framework for the analysis. First presented in 2001 by Demerouti, Bakker et al., with the objective of understanding the reasons of job-related burnout, it gained popularity among researches for his flexibility, that allows its use in different contexts. According to the model, all the variable involved in a workplace context can be clustered as: o Job demands, defined as those physical, social, or organizational aspects of the job that require sustained physical or mental effort, which result in Job- related strain o Job resources, defined as those physical, social, or organizational aspects of the job that may be functional in achieving work goals, reduce job demands or stimulate personal growth and development, so increasing motivation. Beside the aim of understanding the overall implications of the variables involved, the use of the J D-R model and Smart Working literature lead to the formulation of three research questions. 1. What are the drivers of job motivation and strain? 2. How the employees perceive SW implication on the organization and them-selves? 3. What’s the role of culture in SW, how does it impact the performance and other organizational outcomes? In collaboration with SW Observatory of Politecnico di Milano, and based on literature, a survey structure (annex 2) and potential questions were developed to collect employees feedback on a Smart Working implementation project. Additionally, thanks to an ongoing research in the Observatory it was possible to have access to information of the involved public organizations, after a selection process, CSI Piemonte was considered the best candidate as its flexibility initiatives were beyond the experimentation phase and are currently used by 286 employees, allowing them to work outside the office for a maximum of 25 days per semester based on their needs. After customizing the survey in collaboration with the selected administration, answers were collected through the digital platform SurveyMonkey; the collection phase achieved a response rate of 65%, for a total of 185 employees. The analysis allowed to picture the overall impact of the introduced SW initiatives, answering second research question, from employees’ perspective the introduction of flexibility is perceived as an improving change for both organization performances and workers’ wellbeing. Almost 80% of the sample use flexible work thinking that it relevantly improves performances, efficiency and work-life balance. On average the preferred place to work outside the office is home, where 25% of the daily work is performed, but despite the introduction of adequate tools and policies employees still perceive limited time and place flexibility. This confirms the relevance of the type of job and industry, as many other organizations, a public administration in most of the activities is constrained to the respect of office schedule. Overall good levels of satisfaction are reflected by the job-engagement, employees express gratification from hard-work and often loose time perception when working, though, over-working on the long run might be cause of faster burnout. Nevertheless, unexpected result was the negative correlation between burnout and workload, in light of Job demands-resources model, when employees have good level of autonomy and support from both leaders and colleagues, they engage in job crafting. This process allows workers to change their perspective on demanding situations, where workload is not perceived anymore as something negative but rather a challenge and stimulus, reducing the levels of burnout. In general, autonomy, work engagement, good work-life balance and support from both colleagues and leaders, that are all considered job-related resources, allow the employees to cope with the warning levels of emotional burnout and depersonalization measured. A relevant cause of the high level of frustration expressed by 84% of the sample, is the unclear scope and responsibility, known as role ambiguity in the J D-R framework. CSI Piemonte should implement targeted actions to frame roles and clarify responsibilities, these would reduce conflicting demand that generate office tension, lowering the frustration level and the probability of negative outcomes. Results show that the project had different effects according to personal characteristics, regarding the generational differences, old people even if acknowledge the benefits of flexibility, stick more to the traditional work model. While young, valuing more their personal obligations, spend more of their working time at home. Though, the choice of working more than 30% at home is also related with negative outcomes for personal career, reduced engagement and team commitment that are reflected in reduced motivation and job performances. Finally, the investigation assessed the relevance of organizational culture, as it was found a significative correlation between the awareness of working for company wellbeing with both quantity and accuracy of work. In line with self-determination theory, the feeling of relatedness, as being part of a greater plan, is key in the motivational process, therefore organizations would achieve better performances with actions targeted at introducing in their culture aspects for engagement generation, such as recognition of individual contribution to the company and employees’ involvement in the strategic decisional process.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139271