Over the last decade, the global energy sector is undergoing significant paradigm changes, moving from a world dominated by centralized generation to one where distributed generation is becoming the norm. The share of renewable energy sources is constantly raising, the diffusion of smart grids is accelerating, and demand-side management is becoming a critical enabler of supply security. Moreover, with the emergence of advanced smarter technologies, consumers have become more active participants in the energy systems, assuming the role of prosumers, which control their own electricity usage and provide services to the grid. The transition to cleaner and more efficient energy systems is a key policy goal as the importance of the energy sector extends well beyond global warming mitigation. Ensuring a reliable and sustainable energy supply is a critical aspect for economic activity and social development, providing all people with access to modern energy services. The main challenge for governments has shifted from discussing what might be achieved to how meet the global goals for sustainable energy systems. Fast growing shares of intermittent renewable energy sources has resulted in increasing concern over the future electricity grid stability. In addition, aging network infrastructures, increasing energy demand and new regulatory frameworks put a lot of pressure on modern power grids. Energy storage is growing as an essential component of decentralized, decarbonized, and even digitalized future energy systems. It will play a key role in enabling the ongoing transition, supplying more flexibility to the grid, providing back-up power to intermittent sources, and improving the management of transmission and distribution networks, with consequent cost reductions and efficiency improvements. A wide range of storage technologies currently exists, with the large majority of them at the early stages of development. The main characteristics of each technology (e.g. output capacity, efficiency, lifetime, discharge duration) can vary largely among diverse categories, and no single technology performs well in all dimensions. Thus, different intrinsic properties determine the technical suitability for specific applications. The report focuses on the stationary energy storage market, keeping in mind that the contribution of electromobility to the total storage capacity is expected to steadily increase. Pumped hydropower currently represents the largest source of electricity storage (96% of the total installed capacity), followed by thermal (1.9%), electrochemical (1.1%), and electromechanical storage solutions (1%). Over three-quarters of the global storage capacity are installed in only ten countries, with China, Japan and the United States accounting for almost half of the capacity operational by mid-2017. Over the last years, the grid-connected energy storage market has been largely dominated by utility-scale projects, and battery systems are rapidly emerging as the optimum solution for both on-grid and off-grid applications. Due to a combination of market growth and technology advancements, Li-ion batteries are becoming the dominant solution for utility-scale storage projects with large potential of cost reduction. Moreover, new supportive policies are coming into play as investment drivers for applications like the provision of ancillary services and peaking capacity, as well as the integration of rising levels of intermittent power generation. The global grid-connected energy storage market is expected to reach a historically unprecedent growth, with an increasing number of technology providers and system integrators looking for new opportunities within the energy sector. In this context, the ultimate scope of this report is to evaluate the economic feasibility of investments in utility-scale ESS, focusing on modular battery solutions connected to the distribution network. Although this topic has been widely discussed from a technological point of view, the need of clarity on how these systems can be economically exploited should not be undervalued. The analysis has been carried out in collaboration with ABB S.p.A., following specific business requirements of its Electrification Products Division. The economic evaluation focuses on a multi-purpose 4 MW/4 MWh stand-alone ESS, not coupled with other power generation units and connected to the medium voltage distribution network. The storage facility is assumed to be operational starting from 2017 to defer network upgrades and provide ancillary services to the national grid. Different business models have been evaluated, stacking potential revenues streams from multiple ESS applications. First assumptions have been made considering a generic investor as in most cases unbundling requirements do not allow Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to directly own and operate storage assets. However, some doors are left open and considerations about DSO owned storage projects have been also included in the report. Focusing on the most promising European storage markets, Italy and the United Kingdom have been selected to make a comparison between growing markets at different levels of maturity. Italy is undergoing a phase of transition in the deployment of utility-scale ESS with several pilot projects and new regulatory proposals to enhance the active role of battery storage systems in the electricity network management. Conversely, the United Kingdom represents a more established market with less uncertainty regarding the potential business models for grid-connected ESS. However, the general lack of clarity on the role of energy storage in the current legislative frameworks represents the biggest barrier to the diffusion of viable investments in grid-connected ESS.
Nell’ultimo decennio il settore energetico sta attraversando una fase di forti cambiamenti a livello globale, caratterizzata da un’ampia diffusione del concetto di generazione distribuita. Le fonti rinnovabili sono in continua crescita, la diffusione di smart grids sta accelerando e le tecniche di demand-side management rivestono un ruolo cruciale per garantire una maggiore sicurezza a livello di fornitura. Con la diffusione di tecnologie smart sempre più avanzate, i consumatori diventano soggetti attivi nelle complesse dinamiche del sistema elettrico, assumendo il cosiddetto ruolo di prosumers in grado di gestire il proprio utilizzo di energia, fornendo servizi di supporto alla rete. La transizione energetica verso sistemi più puliti ed efficienti rappresenta un obiettivo chiave a livello politico considerato che l’importanza del settore energetico va ben oltre il tema del surriscaldamento globale, avendo forti impatti su aspetti sociali ed economici. La principale sfida a livello di singolo Paese non è più definire che cosa deve essere raggiunto, ma capire come raggiunge obiettivi a livello globale per un sistema energetico più sostenibile. Il rapido aumento di fonti rinnovabili intermittenti si traduce in una crescente preoccupazione verso la stabilità dei sistemi elettrici. Inoltre, l’invecchiamento delle infrastrutture, la domanda elettrica in forte aumento e l’introduzione di nuovi quadri normativi pone ulteriori pressioni sulla gestione della rete elettrica. In questo contesto, l’accumulo di energia si sta affermando come una componente essenziale di sistemi elettrici sempre più decentralizzati, decarbonizzati e digitalizzati. L’accumulo di energia riveste un ruolo abilitante nella transizione energetica in corso, fornendo maggiore flessibilità alla rete, garantendo riserva di potenza per le sorgenti intermittenti e migliorando la gestione delle reti di trasmissione e distribuzione, con conseguente riduzione di costi e aumento di efficienza. Attualmente esiste un’ampia gamma di tecnologie sul mercato, seppure per la maggior parte non ancora mature. Le principali caratteristiche di ciascuna tecnologia (es. efficienza, vita utile, durata di scarica) possono variare ampiamente passando da una categoria all’altra. Nessuna singola tecnologia è attualmente superiore alle altre in termini assoluti e sono le proprietà intrinseche di ciascuna a determinarne l’idoneità tecnica in applicazioni di diversa natura. Oggetto del report è il mercato dei sistemi di accumulo stazionari. Attualmente il pompaggio idroelettrico rappresenta la più diffusa fonte di accumulo energetico utilizzata (96% della capacità installata a livello globale), seguito da soluzioni di accumulo di tipo termico (1.9%), elettrochimico (1.1%) ed elettromeccanico (1%). Più dei tre quarti della capacità di accumulo ad oggi installata su scala globale si concentra in dieci Paesi, tra cui Cina, Giappone e Stati Uniti coprono circa la metà della potenza operativa nel 2017. Nel corso degli ultimi anni, il mercato dei sistemi di accumulo connessi alla rete è stato ampiamente dominato da progetti pilota su larga scala, mentre i sistemi di batterie stanno rapidamente emergendo come soluzioni ottimali per applicazioni on-grid e off-grid. Grazie all’effetto combinato di crescita del mercato e sviluppi tecnologici, le batterie al litio si stanno affermando come tecnologia dominante per progetti su larga scala, con un’ampia riduzione dei costi attesi. Inoltre, l’introduzione di nuove politiche a supporto dell’accumulo di energia ha portato ad un aumento degli investimenti in applicazioni come la fornitura di servizi ancillari e l’integrazione di crescenti livelli di generazione da fonti intermittenti. Si stima che il mercato globale dei sistemi di accumulo connessi alla rete sarà oggetto di una crescita senza precedenti, con un crescente numero di fornitori e system integrators alla ricerca di nuove opportunità di mercato. Il principale scopo del report è di valutare la fattibilità economica di investimenti in sistemi di accumulo su larga scala, focalizzando l’attenzione su soluzioni modulari di batterie connesse alla rete di distribuzione. Sebbene si tratti di un tema ampiamente discusso a livello tecnologico, non è da sottovalutare la mancanza di chiarezza sull’economicità di tali sistemi. L’analisi è stata svolta in collaborazione con ABB S.p.A. secondo le particolari esigenze di business della divisione Electrification Products. La valutazione economica ha come oggetto un sistema di accumulo di dimensione 4 MW/4 MWh, non accoppiato ad altri impianti di generazione e connesso alla rete di media tensione. Si assume che il sistema sia operativo a partire dal 2017, garantendo il differimento di investimenti sulla rete e fornendo servizi ancillari. Diversi modelli di business sono stati valutati raggruppando diversi flussi in entrata derivanti da varie applicazioni del sistema di accumulo. Considerando le diverse norme vigenti secondo cui gli operatori della rete di distribuzione non sono autorizzati a possedere e operare sistemi di accumulo per motivi di unbundling, le prime assunzioni sono state fatte considerando un generico investitore. Nonostante ciò, sulla base di alcune eccezioni verificatesi in diversi Paesi, alcune considerazioni sui ritorni di investimento in sistemi di accumulo da parte di operatori della rete sono stati inclusi nel report. Focalizzandosi sui mercati emergenti a livello europeo, Italia e Inghilterra sono state selezionati ed analizzati con lo scopo di confrontare mercati di accumulo stazionario in crescita, ma attualmente caratterizzati da diversi livelli di maturità. Il mercato italiano sta attraversando una fase di transizione nello sviluppo di sistemi di accumulo su larga scala con diversi progetti pilota in corso e nuove proposte di legge per rafforzare il ruolo attivo delle batterie nella gestione delle reti elettriche. Al contrario, l’Inghilterra è caratterizzata da un mercato elettrico maggiormente avviato verso il tema dell’accumulo di energia con una minore incertezza legata ai potenziali modelli di business disponibili per sistemi connessi alla rete. In generale, la mancanza di chiarezza sul ruolo dell’accumulo di energia a livello normativo rappresenta la più grande barriera per la crescente diffusione di investimenti in sistemi di accumulo economicamente sostenibili.
Market analysis and economic evaluation of grid-connected energy storage systems
MAZZOLENI, LAURA
2016/2017
Abstract
Over the last decade, the global energy sector is undergoing significant paradigm changes, moving from a world dominated by centralized generation to one where distributed generation is becoming the norm. The share of renewable energy sources is constantly raising, the diffusion of smart grids is accelerating, and demand-side management is becoming a critical enabler of supply security. Moreover, with the emergence of advanced smarter technologies, consumers have become more active participants in the energy systems, assuming the role of prosumers, which control their own electricity usage and provide services to the grid. The transition to cleaner and more efficient energy systems is a key policy goal as the importance of the energy sector extends well beyond global warming mitigation. Ensuring a reliable and sustainable energy supply is a critical aspect for economic activity and social development, providing all people with access to modern energy services. The main challenge for governments has shifted from discussing what might be achieved to how meet the global goals for sustainable energy systems. Fast growing shares of intermittent renewable energy sources has resulted in increasing concern over the future electricity grid stability. In addition, aging network infrastructures, increasing energy demand and new regulatory frameworks put a lot of pressure on modern power grids. Energy storage is growing as an essential component of decentralized, decarbonized, and even digitalized future energy systems. It will play a key role in enabling the ongoing transition, supplying more flexibility to the grid, providing back-up power to intermittent sources, and improving the management of transmission and distribution networks, with consequent cost reductions and efficiency improvements. A wide range of storage technologies currently exists, with the large majority of them at the early stages of development. The main characteristics of each technology (e.g. output capacity, efficiency, lifetime, discharge duration) can vary largely among diverse categories, and no single technology performs well in all dimensions. Thus, different intrinsic properties determine the technical suitability for specific applications. The report focuses on the stationary energy storage market, keeping in mind that the contribution of electromobility to the total storage capacity is expected to steadily increase. Pumped hydropower currently represents the largest source of electricity storage (96% of the total installed capacity), followed by thermal (1.9%), electrochemical (1.1%), and electromechanical storage solutions (1%). Over three-quarters of the global storage capacity are installed in only ten countries, with China, Japan and the United States accounting for almost half of the capacity operational by mid-2017. Over the last years, the grid-connected energy storage market has been largely dominated by utility-scale projects, and battery systems are rapidly emerging as the optimum solution for both on-grid and off-grid applications. Due to a combination of market growth and technology advancements, Li-ion batteries are becoming the dominant solution for utility-scale storage projects with large potential of cost reduction. Moreover, new supportive policies are coming into play as investment drivers for applications like the provision of ancillary services and peaking capacity, as well as the integration of rising levels of intermittent power generation. The global grid-connected energy storage market is expected to reach a historically unprecedent growth, with an increasing number of technology providers and system integrators looking for new opportunities within the energy sector. In this context, the ultimate scope of this report is to evaluate the economic feasibility of investments in utility-scale ESS, focusing on modular battery solutions connected to the distribution network. Although this topic has been widely discussed from a technological point of view, the need of clarity on how these systems can be economically exploited should not be undervalued. The analysis has been carried out in collaboration with ABB S.p.A., following specific business requirements of its Electrification Products Division. The economic evaluation focuses on a multi-purpose 4 MW/4 MWh stand-alone ESS, not coupled with other power generation units and connected to the medium voltage distribution network. The storage facility is assumed to be operational starting from 2017 to defer network upgrades and provide ancillary services to the national grid. Different business models have been evaluated, stacking potential revenues streams from multiple ESS applications. First assumptions have been made considering a generic investor as in most cases unbundling requirements do not allow Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to directly own and operate storage assets. However, some doors are left open and considerations about DSO owned storage projects have been also included in the report. Focusing on the most promising European storage markets, Italy and the United Kingdom have been selected to make a comparison between growing markets at different levels of maturity. Italy is undergoing a phase of transition in the deployment of utility-scale ESS with several pilot projects and new regulatory proposals to enhance the active role of battery storage systems in the electricity network management. Conversely, the United Kingdom represents a more established market with less uncertainty regarding the potential business models for grid-connected ESS. However, the general lack of clarity on the role of energy storage in the current legislative frameworks represents the biggest barrier to the diffusion of viable investments in grid-connected ESS.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Market analysis and economic evaluation of grid-connected energy storage systems
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139312