Residential sector accounts for the 40% of the total primary energy consumption and the 36% of the total emissions in atmosphere; for this reason, European Union promoted several Energy Directives with the goal of reducing the previous data and increasing the use of renewable energy sources in buildings. This thesis work aimed to compare different technologies in satisfying heating and cooling energy needs of a building belonging to the residential sector; in particular, the “All-electric” solution was compared, technically and economically, with the traditional plants using natural gas. To do so, a simplified hourly model was developed for solving the energy balance on the building (air conditioning-winter and summer- and Domestic Hot Water-DHW) and estimating heat pump performances. Building energy requirement was evaluated by means of technical regulations, while heat pump performances were calculated modifying the inverse Carnot cycle efficiency with corrective factors (accounting for irreversibility, partial load and defrost cycle). The lumped-parameter model was applied to few case studies, selected among the 140 reference-buildings coming from census ISTAT 2001: single-family homes and middle-size condominiums, in three climate regions, two construction periods and related restorations were selected. Then, different technical solutions were compared and the effect of electrical tariff reform (from “progressive” to “flat” tariff) was evaluated: concerning the single-family home, we have studied an “All-electric” solution (with integrated electrical resistance), an “Hybrid” solution (with heat pump and traditional boiler) and a “Gas” solution (traditional boiler), considering also the electrical internal loads; related to the condominium, we have compared an “All-electric” solution (without integrated electrical resistance) with a traditional “Gas” solution, considering a centralised plant for heating purposes and DHW. Both single-family home and condominium show the following results: (a) applying the new electrical tariff, the “All-electric” solution appears economically convenient with respect to the “Hybrid” and traditional “Gas” solutions (notice that an opposite result is obtained considering the old electrical tariff); (b) the optimum size of heat pumps increases, moving from hotter to colder climate regions; (c) the optimum size of heat pump lowers, switching from old-fashioned to latest buildings; (d) the building restoration determines a reduction of the thermal energy needs (-50%); (e) “All-electric” solution determined a reduction of the required primary energy (-25%) with respect to “Gas” solution. At the end, technological and economical barriers to the diffusion of “All-electric” solution were analysed.
Il settore residenziale è responsabile del 40% del consumo di energia primaria e del 36% delle emissioni in atmosfera; per questo motivo, l’Unione Europea ha emanato numerose direttive con l’intento di ridurre questi valori e di incrementare l’utilizzo di fonti rinnovabili negli edifici. Questo lavoro di tesi propone uno studio comparativo di tecnologie volte a soddisfare i fabbisogni di energia termica e frigorifera degli edifici nel settore residenziale; in particolare si è confrontato, sotto il profilo tecnico ed economico, la soluzione “All-electric” con impianti tradizionali a gas naturale. A tale scopo è stato sviluppato un modello orario semplificato per risolvere il bilancio termico dell’edificio (climatizzazione e Acqua Calda Sanitaria, ACS) e stimare le prestazioni della pompa di calore. Il fabbisogno dell’edificio è stato valutato mediante normative tecniche, mentre le prestazioni delle pompe di calore sono state calcolate modificando il rendimento di un ciclo di Carnot inverso con fattori correttivi (per irreversibilità, per carico parziale per cicli di sbrinamento). Il modello a parametri concentrati è stato applicato a casi studio selezionati tra i 140 edifici-tipo ottenuti dal censimento ISTAT 2001: sono stati selezionati edifici monofamiliari e condomini di medie dimensioni, in tre zone climatiche, per due classi di vetustà con relativa ristrutturazione. Si sono, quindi, confrontate diverse soluzioni impiantistiche e si è valutato l’impatto della modifica del piano tariffario elettrico (da una tariffa “progressiva” ad una “flat”): nel caso monofamiliare sono state considerate una soluzione “All-electric” (con resistenza elettrica integrata), una soluzione “Ibrida” (pompa di calore e caldaia a gas) e una soluzione “Gas” (caldaia a gas), considerando il contributo dei carichi interni; nel caso condominiale sono state confrontate una soluzione “All-electric” (senza resistenza elettrica integrata) e una soluzione “Gas”, considerando un impianto centralizzato per riscaldamento e ACS. Sia per condomini che per abitazioni monofamiliari si osserva che: (a) applicando la nuova tariffa, la soluzione “All-electric” risulta conveniente rispetto alla soluzione “Ibrida” ed alla soluzione “Gas” (si osservano risultati opposti con il vecchio piano tariffario); (b) la taglia ottima delle pompe di calore aumenta, spostandosi da zone climatiche più calde a zone più fredde; (c) la taglia ottima delle pompe di calore diminuisce passando da edifici datati ad edifici nuovi; (d) la ristrutturazione dell’involucro edilizio determina una riduzione del fabbisogno di energia termica (-50 %); (e) il passaggio dalla soluzione “Gas” a quella “All-electric” determina una riduzione di energia primaria (-25%). Infine sono state analizzate le barriere tecnologiche ed economiche alla diffusione della soluzione “All-electric”.
Utilizzo del vettore elettrico nel settore residenziale italiano : modellazione, ottimizzazione e comparazione con soluzioni tradizionali
CORAZZA, ALESSIO
2016/2017
Abstract
Residential sector accounts for the 40% of the total primary energy consumption and the 36% of the total emissions in atmosphere; for this reason, European Union promoted several Energy Directives with the goal of reducing the previous data and increasing the use of renewable energy sources in buildings. This thesis work aimed to compare different technologies in satisfying heating and cooling energy needs of a building belonging to the residential sector; in particular, the “All-electric” solution was compared, technically and economically, with the traditional plants using natural gas. To do so, a simplified hourly model was developed for solving the energy balance on the building (air conditioning-winter and summer- and Domestic Hot Water-DHW) and estimating heat pump performances. Building energy requirement was evaluated by means of technical regulations, while heat pump performances were calculated modifying the inverse Carnot cycle efficiency with corrective factors (accounting for irreversibility, partial load and defrost cycle). The lumped-parameter model was applied to few case studies, selected among the 140 reference-buildings coming from census ISTAT 2001: single-family homes and middle-size condominiums, in three climate regions, two construction periods and related restorations were selected. Then, different technical solutions were compared and the effect of electrical tariff reform (from “progressive” to “flat” tariff) was evaluated: concerning the single-family home, we have studied an “All-electric” solution (with integrated electrical resistance), an “Hybrid” solution (with heat pump and traditional boiler) and a “Gas” solution (traditional boiler), considering also the electrical internal loads; related to the condominium, we have compared an “All-electric” solution (without integrated electrical resistance) with a traditional “Gas” solution, considering a centralised plant for heating purposes and DHW. Both single-family home and condominium show the following results: (a) applying the new electrical tariff, the “All-electric” solution appears economically convenient with respect to the “Hybrid” and traditional “Gas” solutions (notice that an opposite result is obtained considering the old electrical tariff); (b) the optimum size of heat pumps increases, moving from hotter to colder climate regions; (c) the optimum size of heat pump lowers, switching from old-fashioned to latest buildings; (d) the building restoration determines a reduction of the thermal energy needs (-50%); (e) “All-electric” solution determined a reduction of the required primary energy (-25%) with respect to “Gas” solution. At the end, technological and economical barriers to the diffusion of “All-electric” solution were analysed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139592