In recent decades, the link between access to energy and development has been studied in greater depth, showing that currently about 1.186 billion people still do not have access to it. The difficulty of expanding existing centralised generation systems due to excessive investment costs, or the low quality of service provided by the national system, has highlighted the primary role that distributed systems could play in solving the problem. Among these, micro-grid systems stand out, consisting of different energy sources, especially renewable energy ones, and storage systems. Their peculiarity consists in being able to operate in parallel with the national electricity grid and, in case of interruption of the distribution service, they are able to work autonomously, using the technologies installed on site. Generally, they rely on internal combustion generators, being easily available on the market and having reduced investment costs, and in areas with high solar radiation also on photovoltaic panels. However, diesel generators have the disadvantage of depending on the availability of fuel at the place of installation, making operating costs high and consequently disadvantageous in certain situations. The aim of this thesis is to implement a model capable of design at best a micro-grid system connected to the national electricity grid, based on the implementation of diesel generators, photovoltaic panels and lead storage systems. To this end, all technologies have been characterized by their characteristic parameters, both at technical and economic level, and different availability profiles of the national service have been taken into consideration to verify how they can impact on the assessment of the best technological mix. The proposed methodology has been implemented in Poli.NRG, a software coded by the Politecnico di Milano able to simulate off-grid networks. As case study to validate the model St. Mary's Lacor Hospital was considered, whose daily energy demand profiles were acquired by the authors directly on the field. Finally, the results obtained according to the different sensitivities taken into consideration were analysed and discussed.
Negli ultimi decenni è stato studiato sempre più a fondo il legame che sussiste tra accesso all'energia e sviluppo, dimostrando come allo stato attuale circa 1,186 miliardi di persone non ne abbiano ancora accesso. La difficoltà di ampliare gli esistenti sistemi centralizzati di generazione a causa degli eccessivi costi d'investimento, o la bassa qualità dei servizi di rete forniti a livello nazionale, ha fatto emergere il ruolo primario che i sistemi distribuiti potrebbero avere nella risoluzione del problema. Tra questi emergono le micro-grid, costituite da diverse fonti energetiche, in particolar modo quelle rinnovabili e sistemi di accumulo. La loro peculiarità consiste nel poter operare anche in sincronia con la rete elettrica nazionale e, in caso di interruzione del servizio di distribuzione, nella capacità di operare autonomamente, utilizzando le tecnologie installate in loco. Generalmente, fanno affidamento su gruppi elettrogeni a combustione interna, essendo facilmente reperibili sul mercato e avendo costi d'investimento ridotti, e nelle zone ad elevata radiazione solare anche sui pannelli fotovoltaici. Tuttavia, i generatori diesel hanno lo svantaggio di dipendere dalla disponibilità di carburante nel luogo d'installazione, rendendo i costi operativi elevati e di conseguenza svantaggiosi in certe situazioni. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di implementare un modello capace di simulare al meglio un sistema micro-grid allacciato alla rete elettrica nazionale, basato sull'installazione di generatori diesel, pannelli fotovoltaici e sistemi di accumulo al piombo. A tale fine tutte le tecnologie sono state caratterizzate dai loro parametri caratteristici, sia a livello tecnico che a livello economico e differenti profili di disponibilità del servizio nazionale sono stati presi in considerazione per verificare come possono impattare sulla valutazione del miglior mix tecnologico. La metodologia proposta è stata implementata in Poli.NRG, un software creato dal Politecnico di Milano capace di simulare reti off-grid. Come caso studio per validare il modello è stato considerato il St. Mary's Lacor Hospital, i cui profili giornalieri di domanda energetica sono stati acquisiti dagli autori direttamente sul campo. Infine, i risultati ottenuti in funzione delle diverse sensitività prese in considerazione sono stati analizzati e discussi.
Design of a model for micro-grid simulations : the case of St. Mary's Lacor Hospital
ZANOLINI, ALBERTO MARIA;ALAIMO, ALICE
2016/2017
Abstract
In recent decades, the link between access to energy and development has been studied in greater depth, showing that currently about 1.186 billion people still do not have access to it. The difficulty of expanding existing centralised generation systems due to excessive investment costs, or the low quality of service provided by the national system, has highlighted the primary role that distributed systems could play in solving the problem. Among these, micro-grid systems stand out, consisting of different energy sources, especially renewable energy ones, and storage systems. Their peculiarity consists in being able to operate in parallel with the national electricity grid and, in case of interruption of the distribution service, they are able to work autonomously, using the technologies installed on site. Generally, they rely on internal combustion generators, being easily available on the market and having reduced investment costs, and in areas with high solar radiation also on photovoltaic panels. However, diesel generators have the disadvantage of depending on the availability of fuel at the place of installation, making operating costs high and consequently disadvantageous in certain situations. The aim of this thesis is to implement a model capable of design at best a micro-grid system connected to the national electricity grid, based on the implementation of diesel generators, photovoltaic panels and lead storage systems. To this end, all technologies have been characterized by their characteristic parameters, both at technical and economic level, and different availability profiles of the national service have been taken into consideration to verify how they can impact on the assessment of the best technological mix. The proposed methodology has been implemented in Poli.NRG, a software coded by the Politecnico di Milano able to simulate off-grid networks. As case study to validate the model St. Mary's Lacor Hospital was considered, whose daily energy demand profiles were acquired by the authors directly on the field. Finally, the results obtained according to the different sensitivities taken into consideration were analysed and discussed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2018-04_Alaimo_Zanolini.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139623