According to the latest European energy agreements and Italian main measures, the renewable energy sources (RES) penetration in the electricity sector is going to increase considerably in the future. In order to cope with this new energy scenario, some changes must be accomplished in the electrical system for ensuring its level of security and adequacy. Particular attention is given to the opening of the electricity market towards new technologies, to the non-conventional storage systems and to the digitalization process. Among the possible solutions, this work focuses on the vehicle to grid application, which consists in a battery electric vehicle equipped with the technology to allow two-way flows of electricity between the vehicle and the grid. After a backup of the e-mobility sectors and its technological aspects, three business cases, one for each type of frequency regulation, are developed focusing on V2G for providing ancillary services to the grid. The Excel models receive as inputs the data regarding primary, secondary and tertiary reserve directly from the dispatching unit of Terna, the electric vehicle characteristics and the profile hour of the users. Three users are chosen for the cases: office employee, company for transportation of waste and for deliveries. The results are positive and encouraging for the technology, particularly the best value is obtained from the secondary frequency regulation which results to be 3232 [€/y] for a single electric vehicle of the company for transportation of waste. In conclusion, the business case aims to provide a useful and simple tool for evaluate the convenience of the application regarding ancillary services and for the implementation of future pilot projects.
Secondo gli ultimi accordi europei in materia di energia e le principali misure italiane, la penetrazione delle fonti di energia rinnovabile (FER) nel settore dell'elettricità aumenterà considerevolmente in futuro. Per far fronte a questo nuovo scenario energetico, è necessario apportare alcune modifiche al sistema elettrico per garantirne il livello di sicurezza e adeguatezza. Particolare attenzione viene data all'apertura del mercato dell'elettricità verso nuove tecnologie, ai sistemi di storage non-convenzionali e al processo di digitalizzazione. Tra le possibili soluzioni, la tesi si concentra sull'applicazione del vehicle to grid, che consiste in un veicolo elettrico con batteria dotato della tecnologia necessaria per consentire flussi bidirezionali di energia elettrica tra il veicolo e la rete. Dopo aver esaminato il settore della mobilità elettrica e i suoi aspetti tecnologici, vengono sviluppati tre casi di studio, uno per ogni tipo di regolazione della frequenza. I modelli Excel ricevono come input i dati relativi alla riserva primaria, secondaria e terziaria direttamente dall’unità di dispacciamento di Terna, le caratteristiche del veicolo elettrico e l'ora di profilo degli utenti. I risultati dei tre casi studi sono positivi e incoraggianti per lo sviluppo della tecnologia. In particolare, il miglior valore è ottenuto dalla regolazione della frequenza secondaria che risulta essere 3232 [€/anno] per un singolo veicolo elettrico dell’azienda adibita al trasporto dei rifiuti. Per concludere, il business case mira a fornire uno strumento utile e semplice per valutare la convenienza dell'applicazione per fornire i servizi ausiliari alla rete e per l'implementazione di futuri progetti pilota.
Energy transition : vehicle-to-grid application to provide flexibility to the electrical system
LATINI, LUCA
2016/2017
Abstract
According to the latest European energy agreements and Italian main measures, the renewable energy sources (RES) penetration in the electricity sector is going to increase considerably in the future. In order to cope with this new energy scenario, some changes must be accomplished in the electrical system for ensuring its level of security and adequacy. Particular attention is given to the opening of the electricity market towards new technologies, to the non-conventional storage systems and to the digitalization process. Among the possible solutions, this work focuses on the vehicle to grid application, which consists in a battery electric vehicle equipped with the technology to allow two-way flows of electricity between the vehicle and the grid. After a backup of the e-mobility sectors and its technological aspects, three business cases, one for each type of frequency regulation, are developed focusing on V2G for providing ancillary services to the grid. The Excel models receive as inputs the data regarding primary, secondary and tertiary reserve directly from the dispatching unit of Terna, the electric vehicle characteristics and the profile hour of the users. Three users are chosen for the cases: office employee, company for transportation of waste and for deliveries. The results are positive and encouraging for the technology, particularly the best value is obtained from the secondary frequency regulation which results to be 3232 [€/y] for a single electric vehicle of the company for transportation of waste. In conclusion, the business case aims to provide a useful and simple tool for evaluate the convenience of the application regarding ancillary services and for the implementation of future pilot projects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2018_Aprile_Latini.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139634