Currently, 38% of the global population uses solid fuels for cooking, relying on traditional cookstoves associated with human health risks and climate changes. Programmes aimed at replacing low-performing stoves in terms of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions with improved devices have observed contradictory results in terms of black carbon emissions, a component of fine particulate matter, second only to CO_2 in terms of global warming impact. Reducing black carbon emissions means acting in the short term to safeguard the health of people directly in contact with biomass burning and to prevent climate changes. The present work concerns the study of the effectiveness of improved cookstoves in reducing aerosols emissions, and in particular black carbon. By means of a systematic literature review, a database including emission factors measured in the laboratory and in the field has been built. In order to observe a significant improvement, a statistical analysis of the entire dataset has been carried out, dividing emission factors with respect to the stove categories. Subsequently, meta-analysis has compared data from the studies in which both traditional and improved cookstoves were tested. Concerning organic carbon, a significant decrease in emission factors has been observed in the improved cookstoves in general; on the other hand, statistical analysis on black carbon emissions factors have highlighted a significant reduction only in the case of forced-draft gasifiers and exclusively in the laboratory. The simultaneous adoption of the meta-analysis, used together for the first time in literature, has resulted in a positive outcome for both laboratory and field settings, suggesting that the concept of improvement must include not only the technology used but also the other factors characterizing the specific context. In conclusion, the use of improved cookstoves should be a temporary step towards the most-promising advanced technologies and a protocol that allows comparing cooksystems still needs to be defined.
Attualmente, il 38% della popolazione globale utilizza combustibili solidi per cucinare, facendo affidamento su strumenti di cottura tradizionali a cui sono associati rischi per la salute e l’ambiente. Programmi mirati alla sostituzione di stufe poco performanti dal punto di vista del consumo di combustibile e delle emissioni inquinanti con stufe definite “migliorate”, hanno riscontrato dubbiosi miglioramenti in termini di riduzione delle emissioni di black carbon, componente delle polveri fini, secondo solo alla CO_2 in termini di impatto sul riscaldamento globale. Ridurre le emissioni di black carbon significa agire nel breve periodo per salvaguardare la salute delle persone a diretto contatto e contrastare i cambiamenti climatici. Il presente lavoro è volto a valutare l’efficacia delle stufe migliorate nel ridurre le emissioni di aerosol, e in particolare di black carbon. Un’approfondita ricerca della letteratura ha permesso la costruzione di un database comprendente i fattori di emissione misurati in laboratorio e sul campo. É stata svolta un’analisi statistica dell’intero set di dati, suddividendoli in categorie rispetto alla tipologia di stufa, finalizzata all’osservazione di un significativo miglioramento. È seguita poi una meta-analisi che ha valutato il risultato dell’intervento dei soli studi in cui erano state testate sia stufe tradizionali che migliorate. Per quanto riguarda il carbonio organico, è stato osservata una significativa diminuzione dei fattori di emissione in generale nelle stufe migliorate. L’analisi statistica sulle emissioni di black carbon ha mostrato una significativa riduzione solamente nel caso dei gassificatori a ventilazione forzata e in laboratorio. L’utilizzo parallelo della meta-analisi, eseguite congiuntamente per la prima volta in letteratura, ha mostrato un risultato rilevante per i gassificatori anche nei test sul campo, suggerendo come il concetto di miglioramento debba includere non solo la tecnologia utilizzata ma un insieme di altri fattori che caratterizzano lo specifico contesto. In conclusione, l’utilizzo di stufe migliorate deve costituire un mezzo provvisorio verso tecnologie avanzate più pulite e un protocollo che permetta di confrontarle deve essere ancora definito.
Effectiveness of biomass burning improved cookstoves in reducing black carbon emissions : statistical and meta-analyses
PRADA, GIULIA MARIANGELA
2016/2017
Abstract
Currently, 38% of the global population uses solid fuels for cooking, relying on traditional cookstoves associated with human health risks and climate changes. Programmes aimed at replacing low-performing stoves in terms of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions with improved devices have observed contradictory results in terms of black carbon emissions, a component of fine particulate matter, second only to CO_2 in terms of global warming impact. Reducing black carbon emissions means acting in the short term to safeguard the health of people directly in contact with biomass burning and to prevent climate changes. The present work concerns the study of the effectiveness of improved cookstoves in reducing aerosols emissions, and in particular black carbon. By means of a systematic literature review, a database including emission factors measured in the laboratory and in the field has been built. In order to observe a significant improvement, a statistical analysis of the entire dataset has been carried out, dividing emission factors with respect to the stove categories. Subsequently, meta-analysis has compared data from the studies in which both traditional and improved cookstoves were tested. Concerning organic carbon, a significant decrease in emission factors has been observed in the improved cookstoves in general; on the other hand, statistical analysis on black carbon emissions factors have highlighted a significant reduction only in the case of forced-draft gasifiers and exclusively in the laboratory. The simultaneous adoption of the meta-analysis, used together for the first time in literature, has resulted in a positive outcome for both laboratory and field settings, suggesting that the concept of improvement must include not only the technology used but also the other factors characterizing the specific context. In conclusion, the use of improved cookstoves should be a temporary step towards the most-promising advanced technologies and a protocol that allows comparing cooksystems still needs to be defined.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2018_04_Prada.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139719