In a dynamic and complex environment such as aeronautics, security and safety both play a fundamental role in maintaining a high level of Safety. The goal of the Safety is to identify, mitigate or eliminate the risks coming from things or people due to dangerous behaviors or procedures that expose with or without knowledge of risk itself, the subjects involved in high risky situations. On the other hand, the Security aim to reduce the risks of those activities caused from a subject (or a group of subjects) who intentionally cause harm to things or people. When these two forms of security management find themselves having to live together in particular contexts such as the aeronautical one, risk management requires new means of analysis that involve both these visions of risk. The safety as well as the security are dealt with in special regulations promulgated by supranational authority and then received at the local level presented in detail in the first chapter. In the second chapter the safety risk assessment is carried out using analysis methods presented by the Safety Management Manual promulgated directly by the worldwide airport authority, ICAO. The methods of analysis for the safety risk analysis are presented and better defined for the practical application in the identification of the severity of the consequences and probability of occurrence of a hazard scenario. The assessment of security risk is a little more difficult . Airport managers tend to apply guidelines imposed by the Ministry of the internal business in the National Security Plan, often outsourcing the management of the same. In this thesis, on the other hand, we wanted to investigate security risk management by creating a security risk assessment tool to be able to develop a security risk assessment. This tool assesses the attractiveness of the target, the number of barriers that the attacker must cross, as well as the existence of potential flaws in safety procedures or exposure to risk. Final purpose of this tool, called C.V.S.S. is to identify the value of system vulnerability to an external attack. Once introduced C.V.S.S. a mathematical method is designed that allows analysis to connect safety assessment and security vulnerability taking into account the context in which they collaborate or possibly generate negative interference in the reciprocal activities. In the last chapter a case study is presented: a terrorist attack with an explosive belt on board an aircraft. The purpose of this case is to study how a situation of danger generated by an error in the management of security can lead to a situation of danger (explosion on board) for safety and to which the safety itself is able to react with all the barriers and procedures designed in advance. designed. It is also presented and applied the risk analysis with the Bow-Tie method that allows a wider view of the case study compared to the analysis with event and failure trees, also including phenomena of a different nature such as safety and security within the same event. Finally, the analysis of the vulnerability and of the combination of the safety and security presented in the previous chapters is applied. The analysis shows a much more realistic and precise picture of the situation showing how the combined safety-security system is much safer than the analysis of only the safety and the only security present.
In un ambiente dinamico e complesso come l’ambito aeronautico la security rivolge un ruolo fondamentale per il mantenimento di un livello di sicurezza alto. Scopo della Safety è quello di identificare, mitigare o limitare i rischi per cose o persone dovute a comportamenti o procedure pericolosi che espongono con o senza cognizione di causa, i soggetti convolti a situazioni ad alto rischio. Dall’altra parte la Security deve occuparsi di ridurre i rischi di quelle che sono attività volutamente lesive di soggetto (o un gruppo di soggetti) che intenzionalmente rechi danno a cose o persone. Quando queste due forme di gestione della sicurezza si trovano a dover convivere in contesti particolari come quello aeronautico la gestione del rischio richiede nuovi mezzi di analisi che coinvolgano entrambe queste visioni del rischio. La safety così come la security sono trattate in normative speciali promulgate da organismi sovranazionali poi recepite al livello locale presentate in dettaglio nel primo capitolo. Nel secondo capitolo la valutazione del rischio safety viene svolta con metodi analisi presentati dal Safety Management Manual promulgato direttamente dall’autorità mondiale in ambito aeroportuale, L’ICAO. I metodi di analisi per l’analisi del rischio safety vengono presentati e meglio definiti per l’applicazione pratica per l’identificazione della severità delle conseguenze e probabilità di accadimento di uno scenario di pericolo. La valutazione del rischio security risulta invece un problema di più difficile trattazione. I gestori aeroportuale tendono a rispettare le linee guida imposte dal ministero dell’interno nel Piano Nazionale di Sicurezza esternalizzando spesso la gestione della stessa. In questa tesi invece si è voluto approfondire la gestione del rischio security ideando uno strumento di valutazione del rischio per la security per essere in grado di sviluppare una valutazione del rischio di security. Questo tool valuta l’appetibilità dell’obbiettivo, il numero di barriere che il malintenzionato deve attraversare, così come l’esistenza di potenziali falle nelle procedure di sicurezza o l’esposizione al rischio. Scopo finale di questo tool, chiamato C.V.S.S. identificare Il valore della vulnerabilità del sistema ad un attacco esterno. Una volta introdotto il C.V.S.S. si progetta un metodo matematico che consenta di analizzare mettere in collegamento la valutazione della safety e la vulnerabilità della security tenendo conto del contesto in cui queste collaborano o eventualmente generano interferenza nelle reciproche attività. Nell’ultimocapitolo viene presentato un caso studio: un attacco terroristico con cintura esplosiva a bordo di un velivolo. Scopo di questo caso è di studiare come una situazione di pericolo generata da un errore nella gestione della security possa portare ad una situazione di pericolo (esplosione a bordo) della safety e a cui la safety stessa riesce a reagire con tutte le barriere e le procedure preventivamente progettate. Viene inoltre presentata ed applicata l’analisi del rischio con il metodo del Bow-Tie che consente di avere una visione più ampia del caso studio rispetto all’analisi con alberi di evento e di guasto, includendo anche fenomeni di natura diversa come la safety e la security all’interno dello stesso evento. In ultimo si applica l’analisi della vulnerabilità e della combinazione della safety e security presentata nei capitoli precedenti. L’analisi mostra un quadro molto più realistico e preciso della situazione mostrando come il sistema combinato safety-security sia di molto più sicuro di quanto l’analisi della sola safety e della sola security presenti.
Safety e security nella valutazione del rischio in ambito aeroportuale
FONTANA, RICCARDO
2016/2017
Abstract
In a dynamic and complex environment such as aeronautics, security and safety both play a fundamental role in maintaining a high level of Safety. The goal of the Safety is to identify, mitigate or eliminate the risks coming from things or people due to dangerous behaviors or procedures that expose with or without knowledge of risk itself, the subjects involved in high risky situations. On the other hand, the Security aim to reduce the risks of those activities caused from a subject (or a group of subjects) who intentionally cause harm to things or people. When these two forms of security management find themselves having to live together in particular contexts such as the aeronautical one, risk management requires new means of analysis that involve both these visions of risk. The safety as well as the security are dealt with in special regulations promulgated by supranational authority and then received at the local level presented in detail in the first chapter. In the second chapter the safety risk assessment is carried out using analysis methods presented by the Safety Management Manual promulgated directly by the worldwide airport authority, ICAO. The methods of analysis for the safety risk analysis are presented and better defined for the practical application in the identification of the severity of the consequences and probability of occurrence of a hazard scenario. The assessment of security risk is a little more difficult . Airport managers tend to apply guidelines imposed by the Ministry of the internal business in the National Security Plan, often outsourcing the management of the same. In this thesis, on the other hand, we wanted to investigate security risk management by creating a security risk assessment tool to be able to develop a security risk assessment. This tool assesses the attractiveness of the target, the number of barriers that the attacker must cross, as well as the existence of potential flaws in safety procedures or exposure to risk. Final purpose of this tool, called C.V.S.S. is to identify the value of system vulnerability to an external attack. Once introduced C.V.S.S. a mathematical method is designed that allows analysis to connect safety assessment and security vulnerability taking into account the context in which they collaborate or possibly generate negative interference in the reciprocal activities. In the last chapter a case study is presented: a terrorist attack with an explosive belt on board an aircraft. The purpose of this case is to study how a situation of danger generated by an error in the management of security can lead to a situation of danger (explosion on board) for safety and to which the safety itself is able to react with all the barriers and procedures designed in advance. designed. It is also presented and applied the risk analysis with the Bow-Tie method that allows a wider view of the case study compared to the analysis with event and failure trees, also including phenomena of a different nature such as safety and security within the same event. Finally, the analysis of the vulnerability and of the combination of the safety and security presented in the previous chapters is applied. The analysis shows a much more realistic and precise picture of the situation showing how the combined safety-security system is much safer than the analysis of only the safety and the only security present.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139767