The continuously increasing demand for human energy needs energy production systems based on the use of renewable energy sources, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. Among the renewable sources, biogas from aerobic digestion is a promising alternative. Biogas is converted to biomethane by a process of conversion of carbon dioxide into methane, called upgrading. An innovative alternative solution to the technologies currently available on the market for biogas upgrading is the biological method via hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis which exploits bacterial metabolism to produce biomethane, which is however in its nascent stage and being tested on pilot scale. This thesis studies the in situ biological upgrading through hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, a process that involves the action of anaerobic bacteria to convert CO2 and H2 into CH4 through injection of exogenous hydrogen into anaerobic digestion reactors. Continuous experimentation was carried out using a pilot plant at laboratory scale composed by two identical bioreactors in parallel. The digesters are fed with mixed sludge from the wastewaster treatment plant in Bresso, located in the municipality of Milan. The experiment consists of two different phases: the first one aims to achieve steady state conditions; during the second one hydrogen is injected inside the mixed liquor of the two reactors in order to achieve the biogas upgrading. It was decided to gradually inject hydrogen inside the reactor to avoid inhibition. As the steady state is reached, specific methanogenic activity tests were performed both for the acetoclastic and the hydrogenotrophic methanogens (SMA and SHMA) in order to evaluate the growth of the specific activities. The aim of the sperimental plan is to evaluate the feasibility of the upgrading process in terms of stationarity and stability conditions to achieve the production of biogas with a methane percentage of 75%, 85% and 95%. During the entire testing phase analyses were carried out daily in order to assess the stability of the process and to monitor the biodegradation yield. As for now the methane content reached is 70-71% for both reactors and it is scheduled to continue the experimental work with pilot plant in order to follow up on the results obtained so far. Finally, a feasibility study was conducted to compare the energy balance of a scenario in which biogas production occurs, but not upgrading, with one in which biomethane is produced through the injection into the anaerobic digester of exogenous hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of water.
La crescente e continua richiesta di energia da parte dell’uomo necessita lo sviluppo di sistemi di produzione dell’energia basati sull’utilizzo di fonti energetiche rinnovabili, riducendo la dipendenza dai combustibili fossili. Tra le fonti rinnovabili il biogas prodotto dalla digestione anaerobica rappresenta un’alternativa promettente. Il biogas viene convertito in biometano mediante un processo di conversione dell’anidride carbonica in metano, denominato upgrading. L’upgrading biologico rappresenta un’alternativa innovativa alle tecnologie attualmente disponibili in commercio sfruttando il metabolismo batterico per la produzione di biometano, tuttavia è ancora nella sua fase nascente e in fase di test su scala pilota. La presente tesi studia il processo di upgrading biologico in situ mediante metanogenesi idrogenotrofa, la quale implica l’azione di ceppi batterici anaerobici per la conversione della CO2 e dell’H2 in CH4, attraverso l’immissione di idrogeno esogeno nel reattore di digestione anaerobica. È stata svolta una sperimentazione in continuo utilizzando un impianto pilota a scala di laboratorio dotato di due bioreattori identici in parallelo. I digestori sono alimentati con fango misto proveniente dall’impianto di depurazione di Bresso, situato nel comune di Milano. La sperimentazione è composta da due diverse fasi: la prima ha come scopo il raggiungimento dello stato stazionario; la seconda fase è quella di immissione dell'idrogeno all’interno del mixed liquor dei due reattori. Si è deciso di immettere idrogeno in maniera graduale all’interno del reattore per evitare fenomeni di inibizione. Una volta raggiunto lo stato stazionario, sono state eseguite prove di attività specifica metanigena sia per il ceppo degli acetoclasti, sia per quello degli idrogenotrofi (rispettivamente SMA e SHMA) al fine valutare nel corso della sperimentazione l’avvenuto accrescimento delle diverse attività specifiche. Lo scopo del piano sperimentale è quello di valutare la fattibilità del processo di upgrading in condizioni di stazionarietà e stabilità tali da permettere la produzione di biogas con una percentuale di 75%, 85% e 95% di metano. Durante l’intera fase di sperimentazione in continuo sono state svolte quotidianamente analisi in laboratorio allo scopo di valutare la stabilità del processo e di monitorare la resa biodegradativa. Ad oggi il tenore di metano raggiunto per entrambi i reattori e di 70-71% ed è prevista la prosecuzione del lavoro sperimentale con impianto pilota al fine di dare un seguito ai risultati finora ottenuti. Infine è stato condotto uno studio di fattibilità per confrontare il bilancio energetico di uno scenario in cui si ha la produzione di biogas, ma non l’upgrading, con uno in cui viene prodotto biometano attraverso l’immissione nel digestore anaerobico di idrogeno esogeno proveniente dall’elettrolisi dell’acqua.
Upgrading in situ del biogas mediante metanogenesi idrogenotrofa : sperimentazione in continuo con impianto pilota
MONTELEONE, GIULIA;REGIDORE, FEDERICA
2017/2018
Abstract
The continuously increasing demand for human energy needs energy production systems based on the use of renewable energy sources, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. Among the renewable sources, biogas from aerobic digestion is a promising alternative. Biogas is converted to biomethane by a process of conversion of carbon dioxide into methane, called upgrading. An innovative alternative solution to the technologies currently available on the market for biogas upgrading is the biological method via hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis which exploits bacterial metabolism to produce biomethane, which is however in its nascent stage and being tested on pilot scale. This thesis studies the in situ biological upgrading through hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, a process that involves the action of anaerobic bacteria to convert CO2 and H2 into CH4 through injection of exogenous hydrogen into anaerobic digestion reactors. Continuous experimentation was carried out using a pilot plant at laboratory scale composed by two identical bioreactors in parallel. The digesters are fed with mixed sludge from the wastewaster treatment plant in Bresso, located in the municipality of Milan. The experiment consists of two different phases: the first one aims to achieve steady state conditions; during the second one hydrogen is injected inside the mixed liquor of the two reactors in order to achieve the biogas upgrading. It was decided to gradually inject hydrogen inside the reactor to avoid inhibition. As the steady state is reached, specific methanogenic activity tests were performed both for the acetoclastic and the hydrogenotrophic methanogens (SMA and SHMA) in order to evaluate the growth of the specific activities. The aim of the sperimental plan is to evaluate the feasibility of the upgrading process in terms of stationarity and stability conditions to achieve the production of biogas with a methane percentage of 75%, 85% and 95%. During the entire testing phase analyses were carried out daily in order to assess the stability of the process and to monitor the biodegradation yield. As for now the methane content reached is 70-71% for both reactors and it is scheduled to continue the experimental work with pilot plant in order to follow up on the results obtained so far. Finally, a feasibility study was conducted to compare the energy balance of a scenario in which biogas production occurs, but not upgrading, with one in which biomethane is produced through the injection into the anaerobic digester of exogenous hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of water.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139774