Local scour at bridge structures is one of the main reasons for bridge damage or collapse. Scour is defined as the removal of bed material by the erosive action of water close to an obstacle, typically piers and abutments. The majority of bridge damaging and failures occurs during flood events, where the flow rate varies in time and is able to transport large amount of sediment (local scour occurs in live bed condition). Local scour around bridge piers under unsteady flow has not been reported in the literature; therefore, the objective of the present work is to fill the gap through a new experimental investigation. The laboratory experiments reported here were performed using a rectangular channel with a uniform layer of sediment. A telescopic pier was placed in the channel. To reproduce stable live bed conditions, sediment could be fed into the channel at prescribed rates. The bed elevation was simultaneously measured within the scour hole and upstream of it to investigate the bed-form control of the scour fluctuations. The hydrographs employed in this study were simplified assuming step-wise hydrographs with a sequence of constant discharges. Some of the latter had been employed in previous steady experiments. For the remaining flow rates, it was necessary to run additional tests with stationary flow conditions. This enabled a preliminary characterization of the scour to be obtained for all the flow rates in the hydrographs. The results from the steady tests have been used to present the dependencies of equilibrium time and scour depth on the flow velocity, as well as for a consideration of the phenomenological aspects related to the extent to which incoming bed forms control the scour fluctuations. The study combined earlier findings and results from the present steady experiments. Results showed that the time to achieve a dynamic equilibrium and the corresponding mean scour depth were a decreasing function of the flow rate. Several statistical tools (cumulative frequency distributions, correlation functions and spectra) were employed to characterize the properties of bed form and scour fluctuations. Amplitudes of fluctuations were an increasing function of the flow rate. Moreover, amplitudes and temporal scales of the scour fluctuations were similar to those of the incoming bed forms. Experimental results for the unsteady runs showed that the measured scour depths were larger than those of steady results in the rising limb of the hydrographs, while in the recession period the scour depths were similar to those for the steady experiments. It was also detected that the amplitudes of bed form and scour fluctuations were lower than those for the steady runs in the rising limb of hydrograph and similar in the recession period. The differences between the steady and unsteady results were mostly attributed to a lack of stably developed bed forms for unsteady flow.
Una delle principali cause di danneggiamento dei ponti fluviali è il fenomeno dell’erosione localizzata, che è il risultato dell’azione operata dalla corrente in corrispondenza delle strutture di sostegno, quali pile e spalle. I danneggiamenti o crolli dei ponti avvengono per lo più durante eventi di piena, durante i quali la portata varia nel tempo ed è in grado di trasportare ingenti quantità di sedimenti (l’erosione localizzata avviene dunque nelle cosiddette condizioni di live bed). Stante un’assenza, in letteratura, di sperimentazioni in live bed e in condizioni di moto vario, il presente lavoro si propone di colmare questa lacuna attraverso una nuova campagna sperimentale. Gli esperimenti di scavo sono stati eseguiti in laboratorio utilizzando un canale a sezione rettangolare, il cui fondo è stato ricoperto da uno strato uniforme di sedimenti e all’interno del quale è stata posta una pila circolare telescopica. Il canale è munito di un dispositivo per l’alimentazione solida, necessario per riprodurre le condizioni di live bed. La quota del letto del canale è stata misurata in corrispondenza della pila e più a monte, rispettivamente per indagare le fluttuazioni della profondità di scavo e le forme di fondo. Gli idrogrammi di piena utilizzati per il presente studio sono stati semplificati come una sequenza di portate costanti, alcune delle quali erano già state impiegate in precedenza in esperimenti con flusso stazionario. Per le altre, sono state realizzate delle prove aggiuntive di erosione con flusso stazionario. Conviene infatti avere una caratterizzazione preliminare del fenomeno per le portate usate negli idrogrammi. I dati ottenuti dalle prove stazionarie sono stati analizzati per caratterizzare sia la dipendenza del tempo e della profondità di scavo di equilibrio dalla velocità di flusso, sia gli aspetti fenomenologici relativi all’influenza delle forme di fondo sulle fluttuazioni della profondità di scavo. Tali risultati sono stati confrontati con quelli delle prove stazionarie eseguite nell’ambito di una campagna precedente. Il tempo per raggiungere un equilibrio dinamico e la profondità di scavo di equilibrio sono funzioni decrescenti della velocità del flusso. Inoltre, sono stati utilizzati alcuni strumenti statistici per caratterizzare le proprietà delle forme di fonde e delle fluttuazioni di scavo. L’ampiezza delle fluttuazioni cresce con la velocità del flusso. È stata inoltre riscontrata una somiglianza tra le fluttuazioni di scavo e le forme di fondo, per quanto riguarda le ampiezze e le scale temporali. Le prove non stazionarie hanno evidenziato che, rispetto alle prove stazionarie, le profondità di scavo sono maggiori nella fase di crescita dell’idrogramma, mentre sono simili nella fase di esaurimento. È stato inoltre rilevato che nelle prove non stazionarie le ampiezze delle fluttuazioni di scavo e delle forme di fondo sono minori nel ramo ascendente dell’idrogramma e simili in quello discendente rispetto alle prove stazionarie. Le differenze tra le prove stazionarie e quelle non stazionarie sono attribuite a una mancata formazione di dune stabili in presenza di moto vario.
Indagine sperimentale sull'erosione localizzata alla base di una pila di ponte in presenza di trasporto solido e in condizioni di flusso non stazionario
ALBERGANTE, ALBERTO
2016/2017
Abstract
Local scour at bridge structures is one of the main reasons for bridge damage or collapse. Scour is defined as the removal of bed material by the erosive action of water close to an obstacle, typically piers and abutments. The majority of bridge damaging and failures occurs during flood events, where the flow rate varies in time and is able to transport large amount of sediment (local scour occurs in live bed condition). Local scour around bridge piers under unsteady flow has not been reported in the literature; therefore, the objective of the present work is to fill the gap through a new experimental investigation. The laboratory experiments reported here were performed using a rectangular channel with a uniform layer of sediment. A telescopic pier was placed in the channel. To reproduce stable live bed conditions, sediment could be fed into the channel at prescribed rates. The bed elevation was simultaneously measured within the scour hole and upstream of it to investigate the bed-form control of the scour fluctuations. The hydrographs employed in this study were simplified assuming step-wise hydrographs with a sequence of constant discharges. Some of the latter had been employed in previous steady experiments. For the remaining flow rates, it was necessary to run additional tests with stationary flow conditions. This enabled a preliminary characterization of the scour to be obtained for all the flow rates in the hydrographs. The results from the steady tests have been used to present the dependencies of equilibrium time and scour depth on the flow velocity, as well as for a consideration of the phenomenological aspects related to the extent to which incoming bed forms control the scour fluctuations. The study combined earlier findings and results from the present steady experiments. Results showed that the time to achieve a dynamic equilibrium and the corresponding mean scour depth were a decreasing function of the flow rate. Several statistical tools (cumulative frequency distributions, correlation functions and spectra) were employed to characterize the properties of bed form and scour fluctuations. Amplitudes of fluctuations were an increasing function of the flow rate. Moreover, amplitudes and temporal scales of the scour fluctuations were similar to those of the incoming bed forms. Experimental results for the unsteady runs showed that the measured scour depths were larger than those of steady results in the rising limb of the hydrographs, while in the recession period the scour depths were similar to those for the steady experiments. It was also detected that the amplitudes of bed form and scour fluctuations were lower than those for the steady runs in the rising limb of hydrograph and similar in the recession period. The differences between the steady and unsteady results were mostly attributed to a lack of stably developed bed forms for unsteady flow.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139843