Throughout the work performed, this master’s thesis tries to address all the threats that a designer encounters during the design of component, prone to low temperatures and harsh environment, for oil&gas applications. After a brief introduction in arctic environment, some fracture mechanisms are introduced from the theoretical point of view. In particular, it focuses on the toughness of material in elasto-plastic behavior. Secondly, the analysis concerns the most stressed component subject to low temperatures: the weld. After a wide description of heat affected zones and their microstructures, some of the most used welding process are described, underlining the pros and cons. In order to give a concrete value to this dissertation, a real critic situation of a component subject to low temperatures is analyzed, such as the sinking phase of a flow line by laying vessel Castorone. The approach utilized is called ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment) and it is regulated by BS 7910. Four steels, designed for low temperature service, are analyzed: two hot rolled and two forged at – 60 °C. ECA analysis is carried out with a fitness-for-service software called CrackWISE, developed by TWI. The procedure implemented is widely described in the dissertation. In the analysis of the results, all the conditions that affect welding quality are reported, in particular the presence of the residual stresses. It is interesting to notice that some of the steels presented do not satisfy the ECA requirements. The writing concludes with a series of practical consideration that could improve the strength of the weld at low temperatures.
In questo lavoro di tesi si è cercato di dare una visione complessiva di tutte quelle che posso essere le criticità che incontra un designer nella progettazione a bassa temperatura di componenti per applicazioni oli&gas. Dopo una breve introduzione sull’ambiente artico, vengono introdotte dal punto di vista teorico diverse tipologie di meccanica della frattura. In particolare si vuole studiare la tenacità dei materiali in regime elasto-plastico. Ci si concentra poi su quella che è il componetene meccanico maggiormente influenzato dalle basse temperature ovvero la saldatura. Dopo una amplia descrizione delle zone termicamente alterate e della loro microstruttura vengono descritti alcuni tra i più utilizzati processi di saldatura evidenziandone i pro e i contro. Per dare un valore concreto alla tesi, viene analizzata una situazione critica di un componente soggetto a basse temperature: l’inabissamento di una flow line da parte della nave posa tubi Castorone. L’approccio utilizzato prende il nome di ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment), normato nella BS 7910. Vengono analizzati quattro acciai specifici per basse temperature, due hot rolled e due forged alla temperatura di -60 °C. Lo studio ECA viene eseguito utilizzato uno specifico software chiamato CrackWISE sviluppato da TWI. La procedura per implementare una analisi ECA trova amplio spazio nella trattazione. Nell’analisi deli risultati vengono riportate tutte quelle condizioni che inficiano sulla qualità della saldatura in particolare la presenza o meno dei residual stresses. Si vedrà che alcuni dei materiali presentati non soddisfano le proprietà richieste dallo studio ECA. La trattazione termina con una serie di considerazioni pratiche che possono essere attuate al fine di migliorare la resistenza della saldatura a bassa temperature.
Materials in harsh environment for oil & gas applications
PICCOLI, MICHELE
2016/2017
Abstract
Throughout the work performed, this master’s thesis tries to address all the threats that a designer encounters during the design of component, prone to low temperatures and harsh environment, for oil&gas applications. After a brief introduction in arctic environment, some fracture mechanisms are introduced from the theoretical point of view. In particular, it focuses on the toughness of material in elasto-plastic behavior. Secondly, the analysis concerns the most stressed component subject to low temperatures: the weld. After a wide description of heat affected zones and their microstructures, some of the most used welding process are described, underlining the pros and cons. In order to give a concrete value to this dissertation, a real critic situation of a component subject to low temperatures is analyzed, such as the sinking phase of a flow line by laying vessel Castorone. The approach utilized is called ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment) and it is regulated by BS 7910. Four steels, designed for low temperature service, are analyzed: two hot rolled and two forged at – 60 °C. ECA analysis is carried out with a fitness-for-service software called CrackWISE, developed by TWI. The procedure implemented is widely described in the dissertation. In the analysis of the results, all the conditions that affect welding quality are reported, in particular the presence of the residual stresses. It is interesting to notice that some of the steels presented do not satisfy the ECA requirements. The writing concludes with a series of practical consideration that could improve the strength of the weld at low temperatures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/139994