In nature, flow-like landslides are very common. In the scientific literature, quite numerous are the case histories testifying their catastrophic potential. The objective of reducing the vulnerability of the territory passes through the possibility of simulating these events. The computational analysis of these natural phenomena is quite challenging, since the numerical tool has to account for large displacements, large strain rates and hydro-mechanical processes. For this reason, in the numerical simulations, the inception and the evolution of the gravitational movement have been commonly tack- led separately, by employing different numerical approaches and different constitutive models. From a physical point of view, when dry granular assemblies are concerned, in the last decades, many authors have observed, at the microscale level, that two possible dissipative mechanisms of interaction among particles are possible: enduring contacts among grains, which are involved in force chains, and nearly instantaneous inelastic collisions. When strain rates are small, the first mechanism prevails and the material behaves like a solid (quasi-static regime). The entire network of contacts has to be continuously rearranged. The energy is mainly dissipated through frictional enduring contacts. On the other hand, when the medium is dilute and deformations are rapid, particles interact only through collisions; the material response can be assimilated to that of a fluid (collisional regime) where the energy is dissipated through inelastic collisions and stored as kinetic fluctuating energy. The objective of this contribution is to develop a constitutive model capable of simulating the behavior of a granular mixture saturated with water under steady simple shear, starting from the work of Vescovi et al., Redaelli et al. and Berzi and Jenkins, where a unique formulation able to reproduce the behavior of dry granular systems has been developed. The originality of the approach proposed derives from the extension of the dry model to saturated mixtures, that consists on an additional contribution accounting for the presence of the liquid phase (water). In particular, in the dry model, the energy dissipated by the granular system is assumed to be composed by the sum of two contributions: quasi-static and collisional. The former one represents the energy dissipation by the force chains, the second one stands by the collisions, which, as mentioned before, are the two dissipation mechanism acting in dry granular materials. In the new model presented in this thesis, since saturated granular mixture are considered, a third dispositional mechanism is introduced, in order to reproduce the interaction of grains with the liquid phase. The model is based only on two state parameters: the granular temperature (defined as the mean squared velocity fluctuations, representing a measure of the degree of agitation of the system) and the solid volume concentration (ratio of solid volume over total volume). Model predictions have been compared with numerical and experimental results obtained in literature under stady simple shear conditions, to test the capability of the model of reproducing the mechanical behavior. The results are well in agreement both from the qualitatively and the quantitative point of view.
In natura, i fenomeni di tipo franoso sono molto comuni. Nella letteratura scientifica, sono abbastanza numerose le testimonianze del potenziale catastrofico di questi eventi. L'obiettivo di ridurre la vulnerabilità del territorio passa attraverso la possibilità di simulare questi comportamenti. L'analisi computazionale di questi fenomeni naturali è piuttosto impegnativa, dal momento che l’approccio numerico deve tener conto di grandi spostamenti, grandi velocità di deformazione e processi idro-meccanici. Per questo motivo, nelle simulazioni numeriche, la fase di innesco e propagazione del movimento gravitazionale sono stati comunemente affrontati separatamente, utilizzando diversi approcci numerici e diversi modelli costitutivi. Da un punto di vista fisico, in sistemi granulari secchi, negli ultimi decenni molti autori hanno osservato, a livello microscopico, che sono possibili due meccanismi dissipativi di interazione tra particelle: un meccanismo di contatti duraturi tra i grani, che sono coinvolti in catene di forza e uno di collisioni anelastiche quasi istantanee. Quando le velocità di deformazione sono piccole, prevale il primo meccanismo e il materiale si comporta come un solido (regime quasi statico) e l'energia viene dissipata principalmente attraverso contatti attritivi. D'altra parte, quando il mezzo è molto sciolto e le deformazioni sono rapide, le particelle interagiscono solo attraverso le collisioni; la risposta materiale può essere assimilata a quella di un fluido (regime collisionale) in cui l'energia viene dissipata attraverso collisioni anelastiche e immagazzinata come energia cinetica fluttuante. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di sviluppare un modello costitutivo in grado di simulare il comportamento di una miscela granulare saturata con acqua in condizione di taglio semplice e regime stazionario, a partire dal lavoro di Vescovi et al., Redaelli et al. e Berzi e Jenkins, dove è stata sviluppata una formulazione unica in grado di riprodurre il comportamento dei sistemi granulari secchi. L'originalità dell'approccio proposto deriva dall'estensione del modello secco a miscele sature, che consiste in un contributo aggiuntivo che tiene conto della presenza della fase liquida (acqua). In particolare, nel modello a secco, si presume che l'energia dissipata dal sistema granulare sia composta dalla somma di due contributi: quasi-statico e collisionale. Il primo rappresenta la dissipazione di energia da parte delle catene di forze, il secondo da parte delle collisioni, che, come accennato prima, sono i due meccanismi di dissipazione che agiscono in materiali granulari secchi. Nel nuovo modello presentato in questa tesi, considerando la miscela granulare satura, viene introdotto un terzo meccanismo di dissipazione per riprodurre l'interazione dei grani con la fase liquida. Il modello si basa solo su due parametri di stato: la temperatura granulare (definita come le fluttuazioni del quadrato della velocità media, che rappresenta una misura del grado di agitazione del sistema) e la concentrazione del volume solido (rapporto del volume solido rispetto al volume totale). I risultati predetti dal modello sono stati confrontati con simulazioni e risultati sperimentali in letteratura, ottenuti in letteratura in condizioni di taglio semplice e regime stazionario, per testare la capacità del modello di riprodurre il comportamento meccanico. Il modello è in grado di riprodurre bene i risultati, sia dal punto di vista qualitativo che quantitativo.
Saturated granular flows : constitutive modelling under steady simple shear conditions
MARVEGGIO, PIETRO
2016/2017
Abstract
In nature, flow-like landslides are very common. In the scientific literature, quite numerous are the case histories testifying their catastrophic potential. The objective of reducing the vulnerability of the territory passes through the possibility of simulating these events. The computational analysis of these natural phenomena is quite challenging, since the numerical tool has to account for large displacements, large strain rates and hydro-mechanical processes. For this reason, in the numerical simulations, the inception and the evolution of the gravitational movement have been commonly tack- led separately, by employing different numerical approaches and different constitutive models. From a physical point of view, when dry granular assemblies are concerned, in the last decades, many authors have observed, at the microscale level, that two possible dissipative mechanisms of interaction among particles are possible: enduring contacts among grains, which are involved in force chains, and nearly instantaneous inelastic collisions. When strain rates are small, the first mechanism prevails and the material behaves like a solid (quasi-static regime). The entire network of contacts has to be continuously rearranged. The energy is mainly dissipated through frictional enduring contacts. On the other hand, when the medium is dilute and deformations are rapid, particles interact only through collisions; the material response can be assimilated to that of a fluid (collisional regime) where the energy is dissipated through inelastic collisions and stored as kinetic fluctuating energy. The objective of this contribution is to develop a constitutive model capable of simulating the behavior of a granular mixture saturated with water under steady simple shear, starting from the work of Vescovi et al., Redaelli et al. and Berzi and Jenkins, where a unique formulation able to reproduce the behavior of dry granular systems has been developed. The originality of the approach proposed derives from the extension of the dry model to saturated mixtures, that consists on an additional contribution accounting for the presence of the liquid phase (water). In particular, in the dry model, the energy dissipated by the granular system is assumed to be composed by the sum of two contributions: quasi-static and collisional. The former one represents the energy dissipation by the force chains, the second one stands by the collisions, which, as mentioned before, are the two dissipation mechanism acting in dry granular materials. In the new model presented in this thesis, since saturated granular mixture are considered, a third dispositional mechanism is introduced, in order to reproduce the interaction of grains with the liquid phase. The model is based only on two state parameters: the granular temperature (defined as the mean squared velocity fluctuations, representing a measure of the degree of agitation of the system) and the solid volume concentration (ratio of solid volume over total volume). Model predictions have been compared with numerical and experimental results obtained in literature under stady simple shear conditions, to test the capability of the model of reproducing the mechanical behavior. The results are well in agreement both from the qualitatively and the quantitative point of view.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/140280