Abstract In the last century, the strong demand for new chemical compounds drove the development of novel synthetic strategies for the easy and fast generation of molecules libraries. In particular, in the field of Diversity Oriented Synthesis (DOS), convergent synthetic methods, such as the Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs), have emerged as powerful tools for this target. In this context, my PhD research project has focused on the synthesis of new chemical scaffolds through different multicomponent and cascade reactions. The approaches investigated have led to the production of different classes of molecules with either biological or chemical interests. The final aim was the creation of libraries of compounds with high degree of diversity and possible useful future applications in the fields of drug discovery, catalysis or new material sciences. In details, the synthetic procedures for the applied reactions are well established, nevertheless each type of MCR has been optimised in its conditions, by testing different temperatures, solvents and combination of equivalents before the creation of the library of desired compounds. Concerning the molecules with a potential pharmaceutical interest, the syntheses were assisted and integrated by in silico evaluation of the targets. Finally, for selected compounds, preliminary biological tests towards cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities have been performed. This is the case of the products from the Gewald reaction, developed as promising antitumoral and antimicrobial agents, or the macrocylic scaffolds from the Ugi reaction, designed to be PPI inhibitors. After a brief overview of the MCRs world (chapter 1), the thesis is organized dividing the libraries of heterocycles synthesized according to the corresponding multicomponent or cascade reaction applied. In detail, the first reaction explored (chapter 2) was an isocyanide-based cascade used for a new and facile synthesis of N-substituted-benzimidazoles. Then the Ugi reaction, a multicomponent approach for peptidomimetics synthesis, was investigated both on 3,4-dihydro-isoquinolines as reverse turn mimics (chapter 3a) and on macrocycles as PPI inhibitors (chapter 3b). A series of Gewald MCR afforded highly functionalized 2-aminothiophenes in the design of thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffolds and derivatives as potential PPI targeting peptidomimetics (chapter 4a) and in the synthesis of novel tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives as new antimicrobial agents (chapter 4b). Last, Mannich reactions were used for the creation of highly functionalized bispidinones, whose applications vary from material science, as in the case of our new MOFs scaffolds synthesis (chapter 5a), to the catalysis world in enantioselective Henry reactions (chapter 5b).
Sommario Nell’ultimo secolo, la forte domanda di nuovi composti chimici ha spinto verso lo sviluppo di strategie sintetiche innovative per la facile e rapida realizzazione di librerie di composti. In particolare, nel campo della Sintesi Orientata alla Diversità (DOS – Diversity Oriented Synthesis), metodi sintetici convergenti, come ad esempio le Reazioni Multicomponente (MCRs), si sono rivelati un potente strumento per la realizzazione di tale obiettivo. In questo contesto, il mio progetto di ricerca di dottorato si è focalizzato sulla sintesi di nuove strutture attraverso l’impiego di diverse reazioni multicomponente e cascate. Gli approcci investigati hanno portato alla produzione di differenti classi di composti di interesse sia chimico che biologico. L’obiettivo finale era la creazione di librerie di molecole con un elevato grado di diversità e possibili applicazioni future nei campi della ricerca di nuovi farmaci, della catalisi e delle scienze dei materiali. In dettaglio, le procedure di sintesi delle reazioni impiegate sono già note, tuttavia ogni tipologia di MCR è stata ottimizzata nelle sue condizioni, testando differenti temperature, solventi e combinazioni di equivalenti prima della creazione della libreria dei composti desiderati. Per quanto riguarda le molecole con un potenziale interesse farmaceutico, le sintesi sono state affiancate e supportate da una valutazione in silico del target. Infine, per alcuni composti selezionati, sono stati effettuati test biologici preliminari come citotossicità e attività antimicrobica. Questo è il caso dei prodotti della reazione di Gewald, sviluppati come promettenti agenti antimicrobici e antitumorali, o dei macrocicli derivanti dalla reazione di Ugi, disegnati per essere inibitori delle interazioni prteina-proteina. Dopo una breve panoramica sul mondo delle MCRs (capitolo 1), l’elaborato è organizzato dividendo le librerie di eterocicli sintetizzati secondo le corrispondenti reazioni impiegate. In dettaglio, la prima reazione esplorata (capitolo 2) è stata una cascata basata sull’impiego di isonitrili, utilizzata per una nuova e facile sintesi di benzimidazoli N-sostituiti. Di seguito viene descritta la reazione di Ugi, un approccio multicomponente per la sintesi di peptidomimetici, investigata sia nella preparazione di 3,4-diidro-isochinoline come mimici di revers turn (capitolo 3a), sia per la sintesi di macrocicli come inibitori di interazioni proteina-proteina (capitolo 3b). Una serie di reazioni di Gewald è stata inoltre impiegata a dare 2-aminotiofeni altamente funzionalizzati, sia nella progettazione di derivati di tiofene[3,2-d]pirimidine come potenziali peptidomimetici (capitolo 4a), sia nella sintesi di nuove strutture a base di tetraidrotieno[2,3-c]piridine, come agenti antimicrobici innovativi (capitolo 4b). In ultimo, reazioni di Mannich sono state sfruttate per la creazione di bispidinoni altamente funzionalizzati, le cui applicazioni spaziano dalle scienze dei materiali, come nel caso dei nuovi Polimeri di Coordinazione (CPs o MOFs) recentemente sintetizzati (capitolo 5a), al mondo della catalisi nelle reazioni enantioselettive di Henry (capitolo 5b).
Multicomponent and cascade reactions for the preparation of heterocyclic molecules of biological and chemical interest
ROSSETTI, ARIANNA
Abstract
Abstract In the last century, the strong demand for new chemical compounds drove the development of novel synthetic strategies for the easy and fast generation of molecules libraries. In particular, in the field of Diversity Oriented Synthesis (DOS), convergent synthetic methods, such as the Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs), have emerged as powerful tools for this target. In this context, my PhD research project has focused on the synthesis of new chemical scaffolds through different multicomponent and cascade reactions. The approaches investigated have led to the production of different classes of molecules with either biological or chemical interests. The final aim was the creation of libraries of compounds with high degree of diversity and possible useful future applications in the fields of drug discovery, catalysis or new material sciences. In details, the synthetic procedures for the applied reactions are well established, nevertheless each type of MCR has been optimised in its conditions, by testing different temperatures, solvents and combination of equivalents before the creation of the library of desired compounds. Concerning the molecules with a potential pharmaceutical interest, the syntheses were assisted and integrated by in silico evaluation of the targets. Finally, for selected compounds, preliminary biological tests towards cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities have been performed. This is the case of the products from the Gewald reaction, developed as promising antitumoral and antimicrobial agents, or the macrocylic scaffolds from the Ugi reaction, designed to be PPI inhibitors. After a brief overview of the MCRs world (chapter 1), the thesis is organized dividing the libraries of heterocycles synthesized according to the corresponding multicomponent or cascade reaction applied. In detail, the first reaction explored (chapter 2) was an isocyanide-based cascade used for a new and facile synthesis of N-substituted-benzimidazoles. Then the Ugi reaction, a multicomponent approach for peptidomimetics synthesis, was investigated both on 3,4-dihydro-isoquinolines as reverse turn mimics (chapter 3a) and on macrocycles as PPI inhibitors (chapter 3b). A series of Gewald MCR afforded highly functionalized 2-aminothiophenes in the design of thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffolds and derivatives as potential PPI targeting peptidomimetics (chapter 4a) and in the synthesis of novel tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives as new antimicrobial agents (chapter 4b). Last, Mannich reactions were used for the creation of highly functionalized bispidinones, whose applications vary from material science, as in the case of our new MOFs scaffolds synthesis (chapter 5a), to the catalysis world in enantioselective Henry reactions (chapter 5b).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/140375