In this dissertation, we study an alternative method of consolidation of the wooden beams, partially damaged by using structural adhesives. This textbook follows a work previously carried out by prof. Marco Andrea Pisani, with two colleagues from the Building Engineering course at Politecnico di Milano. In particular, the previous theses in addition to offering an overview on the nature of wood as an essence and as a structural technological component, have developed a series of tests carried out on bending samples on oak wood, and cutting and bending on specimens of chestnut wood, that better approximate the behavior of an existing and consolidated wooden beam through this new studied technique. The technique is based on the realization of a lamellar wood prosthesis that will replace the part of the degraded beam, using only a suitable structural adhesive. In choosing adhesives it selected on a type of polyurethane glue, although they have been taken into consideration epoxy-type adhesives. Epoxy adhesives have a high rigidity, which could compromise the effectiveness of the long-term bonding, the lower stiffness of the polyurethane glues also better approximates the behavior of a wooden beam, because it favors the natural expansion of the material and has a behavior similar to that of an integral beam. The tests previously carried out were unsuccessful, and it is noted that in none of the cases, the crisis mode of the glued beams involved the wooden section, but it was always the polyurethane adhesive to yield and cause the total separation of the axles. The discussion then focused on the main causes of failure. (Chapter 3) This discussion develops on the examination of the main causes of failure. The condition of the member interface is important for the gluing of wooden elements, since it affects the total resistance of the joint. The capability of the adhesive to penetrate into the wood fibers is strongly influenced by the roughness and wettability of the adhering surface. In this thesis, the effectiveness of gluing is tested again with a simple traction test, performed on small wood samples, to carrying out multiple tests and studying the behavior of the glued joint. Small sample tests were carried out to corroborate the study performed The material used for this test is made of first quality parquet strips in natural oak of sufficiently small size to be easily managed. The choice of using parquet was dictated by the need to have little thick specimens, which can be tested in the MTS machine, available. we examined three different methodologies for the joint resistance test, namely: Single-lap-shear adhesive joints by tension Loading (ASTM D1002-10, ISO 6237, ASTMD3528-96) Double-Lap shear adhesive joints by tension Loading (ASTM D3528) Single-lap-shear adhesive joints by compression Loading (ASTM D1002-10, ISO 6237). The examination test of the three different types, leads to opt for the choice of single lap shear, as it is the simplest and most effective for the case analyzed. we evaluate the problems of eccentricity of load particularly influential on result of the test. (Chapter 4) Two test setups are therefore designed to perform the single lap shear test. The first is difficult to install and with obvious problems in the phase of grasping the samples, the latter, much simpler and easier to install, it’s consisted in two well-defined metal plates. In particular, these plates will confine the two samples in their gluing ends so as to counteract out-of-plane effects present in this type of test. The plate will have two different thicknesses, the first appropriately sized so as to centralize as far as possible the pulling force exerted by the brank during the test. The second thickness of the plate will be used to confine the specimen during the test. We test 11 glued specimens, for each length of adhesion, 6 different gluing lengths are chosen, namely 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180mm, for a total of 66 samples analyzed. We tested, both confined and non-confined tests to study the influence of the out-of-plane behavior present in this type of test. (Chapter 7). It is also defined the test speed to be used in this type of test in displacement control, through a bibliographic and experimental survey. For each length of adhesion, the specimens have been shaped beforehand, so as to comply with the dimensional criteria imposed during the design phase. To study the displacements and deformations present in each sample, we adopted the new contactless measurement technique called: DIC (Digital Image Correlation), since it is very difficult to install contact instruments on the surface of the sample, because the size of specimens are small. This technique bases its operation on the elaboration of digital images, acquired through a camera, this technique requires the preventive preparation of the surface of the object whose displacements and deformations are to be measured. Performed the survey through the photographs will be re-elaborated by a special program. (Chapter 6) We carried out Analytical studies, we define 4 modalities of glued crisis specimens (Chapter 6) It’s also illustrated the adherence mechanism of the separation between the two glued wooden elements. We study and discuss the differential equation governing the adhesion phenomenon. (Chapter 8) We also performed a numerical simulation of the finite elements using the ABAQUS software.
Nel presente lavoro di tesi è svolta un’indagine su un alternativo metodo di consolidamento delle travi lignee, parzialmente ammalorate tramite l’ausilio di adesivi strutturali. Questo elaborato di testi segue ad un lavoro precedentemente svolto dal prof. Marco Andrea Pisani, con due colleghi del corso di studi di Ingegneria dei Sistemi Edilizi del Politecnico di Milano. In particolare, le tesi precedenti oltre ad offrire una panoramica sulla natura del legno come essenza e come componente tecnologico strutturale, hanno sviluppato una serie di prove eseguite a flessione su provini di legno rovere, e taglio e flessione su provini di legno di castagno, che meglio approssimassero il comportamento di una trave in legno esistente e consolidata attraverso questa nuova tecnica studiata. La tecnica in corso di studio si basa sulla realizzazione di una protesi di legno lamellare che sostituirà la parte della trave degradata, mediante il solo utilizzo di un idoneo adesivo strutturale. La scelta dell’adesivo utilizzato è ricaduta su una tipologia di colla poliuretanica, sebbene siano stati presi comunque in considerazioni adesivi di tipo epossidico. Gli adesivi di tipo epossidico hanno una elevata rigidezza, che potrebbe compromettere l’efficacia dell’incollaggio a lungo termine, la minore rigidezza delle colle poliuretaniche inoltre meglio approssima il comportamento di una trave in legno, perché asseconda la naturale dilatazione del materiale e ha un comportamento simile a quello di una trave integra. Le prove precedentemente effettuate sono risultate fallimentari, e si constata che in nessuno dei casi, la modalità di crisi delle travi incollate ha coinvolto la sezione lignea, ma è sempre stato l’adesivo poliuretanico a cedere e provocare il distacco totale delle assi. Questa trattazione si sviluppa sull’esame delle principali cause di fallimento. (cap.3) Si evidenzia come importante nell’incollaggio di elementi in legno, la condizione dell’interfaccia dell’aderente, in quanto influenza la resistenza totale del giunto. La capacità dell’adesivo di penetrare all’interno delle fibre di legno, è fortemente condizionata dalla rugosità e dalla bagnabilità della superficie aderente. In questo elaborato di Tesi, si testa nuovamente l’efficacia dell’incollaggio con una prova di semplice trazione, eseguita su campioni di legno di dimensioni ridotte, per effettuare molteplici prove e studiare il comportamento del giunto incollato. Per avvalorare lo studio effettuato, sono state effettuate più prove su campione di dimensioni contenute. Il materiale scelto per lo studio è composto da listelli di parquet di prima scelta in Rovere naturale di dimensioni sufficientemente piccole cosi da essere gestite con facilità. La scelta di utilizzare parquet è stata dettata dall’esigenza di avere provini poco spessi, da poter essere testati nel machina MTS, a disposizione. Per la prova di resistenza del giunto vengono prese in esame, tre differenti metodologie, e precisamente: Single-Lap-shear adhesive joints by tension Loading (ASTM D1002-10, ISO 6237, ASTMD3528-96) Double-Lap shear adhesive joints by tension Loading (ASTM D3528) Single-Lap-shear adhesive joints by compression Loading (ASTM D1002-10, ISO 6237). L’esame nel dettaglio delle tre differenti tipologie di prova, porta ad optare per la scelta del single lap shear di trazione, in quanto risulta la più semplice ed efficace per il caso analizzato, per avendo valutato i problemi di eccentricità di carico particolarmente influenti sull’esito della prova. (cap.4) Per effettuare la prova di single lap shear vengono quindi progettati due setup di prova. Il primo di difficile installazione e con evidenti problematiche nella fase di afferraggio dei campioni, il secondo, molto più semplice e di facile installazione, consistente in due piastre metalliche di sagoma ben definita. In particolare, queste piastre confineranno i due campioni nelle loro estremità di incollaggio cosi da contrastare effetti fuori piano presenti in questa tipologia di prova. La piastra avrà due spessore differenti, il primo opportunamente dimensionato in modo da accentrare per quanto possibile la forza di trazione esercitata dalla mordacchia durante la prova. Il secondo spessore della piastra invece verrà utilizzato per confinare il provino durante la prova. Vengono testati undici provini incollati, per ogni lunghezza di adesione, sono state scelte sei lunghezze di incollaggio diverse e precisamente 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180mm, per un totale di sessantasei campioni analizzati. Inoltre, vengono effettuatati sei prove di trazione su singoli listelli, cosi da determinare la resistenza ultima di rottura e il modulo di elasticità E. Vengono effettuate sia prove confinate che prove non confinate cosi da studiare l’influenza del comportamento fuori piano, presente in questa tipologia di prova. (cap.7). E’ inoltre definita la velocità di prova da utilizzare in questa tipologia di test in controllo di spostamento, attraverso un’indagine bibliografica e sperimentale. Per ogni lunghezza di adesione i provini sono stati preventivamene sagomati, cosi da rispettare i criteri dimensionali imposti in fase di progettazione. Per studiare il campo degli spostamenti e delle deformazioni di ogni campione sottoposto alla prova di trazione, è stata adottata la nuova tecnica di misura senza contatto chiamata: DIC (Digital Image Correlation), essendo molto difficile, per motivi di dimensioni ridotte, installare strumenti di contatto sulla superficie del listello. Questa tecnica che basa il suo funzionamento sull’elaborazioni di immagini digitali, acquisite attraverso una macchina fotografica, necessita della preparazione preventiva della superfice dell’oggetto di cui si vogliono misurare spostamenti e deformazioni. Effettuata la rilevazione attraverso le fotografie verrà rielaborata da apposito programma. (cap.6) La tecnica utilizzata risulta essere molto precisa e comoda in fase di installazione pur richiedendo ottime capacita di post-processing per l’elaborazione dei dati. Vengono effettuati studi analitici sui dati raccolti, e vengono identificate quattro modalità di rottura dei provini incollati. (cap.6) E’ inoltre illustrato il meccanismo di aderenza che sta alla base del problema del distacco tra i due elementi di legno incollati. E vengono introdotti i concetti di stress transfer zone e di lunghezza efficace di ancoraggio. Viene discussa e studiata l’equazione differenziale che governa il fenomeno dell’aderenza. (cap.8) Infine viene eseguita una simulazione numerica agli elementi finiti utilizzando il software ABAQUS. (cap.9)
Indagine sull'efficienza dell'incollaggio nel consolidamento strutturale di travi lignee
PISACANE, ANDREA
2016/2017
Abstract
In this dissertation, we study an alternative method of consolidation of the wooden beams, partially damaged by using structural adhesives. This textbook follows a work previously carried out by prof. Marco Andrea Pisani, with two colleagues from the Building Engineering course at Politecnico di Milano. In particular, the previous theses in addition to offering an overview on the nature of wood as an essence and as a structural technological component, have developed a series of tests carried out on bending samples on oak wood, and cutting and bending on specimens of chestnut wood, that better approximate the behavior of an existing and consolidated wooden beam through this new studied technique. The technique is based on the realization of a lamellar wood prosthesis that will replace the part of the degraded beam, using only a suitable structural adhesive. In choosing adhesives it selected on a type of polyurethane glue, although they have been taken into consideration epoxy-type adhesives. Epoxy adhesives have a high rigidity, which could compromise the effectiveness of the long-term bonding, the lower stiffness of the polyurethane glues also better approximates the behavior of a wooden beam, because it favors the natural expansion of the material and has a behavior similar to that of an integral beam. The tests previously carried out were unsuccessful, and it is noted that in none of the cases, the crisis mode of the glued beams involved the wooden section, but it was always the polyurethane adhesive to yield and cause the total separation of the axles. The discussion then focused on the main causes of failure. (Chapter 3) This discussion develops on the examination of the main causes of failure. The condition of the member interface is important for the gluing of wooden elements, since it affects the total resistance of the joint. The capability of the adhesive to penetrate into the wood fibers is strongly influenced by the roughness and wettability of the adhering surface. In this thesis, the effectiveness of gluing is tested again with a simple traction test, performed on small wood samples, to carrying out multiple tests and studying the behavior of the glued joint. Small sample tests were carried out to corroborate the study performed The material used for this test is made of first quality parquet strips in natural oak of sufficiently small size to be easily managed. The choice of using parquet was dictated by the need to have little thick specimens, which can be tested in the MTS machine, available. we examined three different methodologies for the joint resistance test, namely: Single-lap-shear adhesive joints by tension Loading (ASTM D1002-10, ISO 6237, ASTMD3528-96) Double-Lap shear adhesive joints by tension Loading (ASTM D3528) Single-lap-shear adhesive joints by compression Loading (ASTM D1002-10, ISO 6237). The examination test of the three different types, leads to opt for the choice of single lap shear, as it is the simplest and most effective for the case analyzed. we evaluate the problems of eccentricity of load particularly influential on result of the test. (Chapter 4) Two test setups are therefore designed to perform the single lap shear test. The first is difficult to install and with obvious problems in the phase of grasping the samples, the latter, much simpler and easier to install, it’s consisted in two well-defined metal plates. In particular, these plates will confine the two samples in their gluing ends so as to counteract out-of-plane effects present in this type of test. The plate will have two different thicknesses, the first appropriately sized so as to centralize as far as possible the pulling force exerted by the brank during the test. The second thickness of the plate will be used to confine the specimen during the test. We test 11 glued specimens, for each length of adhesion, 6 different gluing lengths are chosen, namely 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180mm, for a total of 66 samples analyzed. We tested, both confined and non-confined tests to study the influence of the out-of-plane behavior present in this type of test. (Chapter 7). It is also defined the test speed to be used in this type of test in displacement control, through a bibliographic and experimental survey. For each length of adhesion, the specimens have been shaped beforehand, so as to comply with the dimensional criteria imposed during the design phase. To study the displacements and deformations present in each sample, we adopted the new contactless measurement technique called: DIC (Digital Image Correlation), since it is very difficult to install contact instruments on the surface of the sample, because the size of specimens are small. This technique bases its operation on the elaboration of digital images, acquired through a camera, this technique requires the preventive preparation of the surface of the object whose displacements and deformations are to be measured. Performed the survey through the photographs will be re-elaborated by a special program. (Chapter 6) We carried out Analytical studies, we define 4 modalities of glued crisis specimens (Chapter 6) It’s also illustrated the adherence mechanism of the separation between the two glued wooden elements. We study and discuss the differential equation governing the adhesion phenomenon. (Chapter 8) We also performed a numerical simulation of the finite elements using the ABAQUS software.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/140474