Cities are complex systems that occupy a minimum area at the physical level but have a high impact on the environment, thus they should direct efforts towards an urban sustainable development; in that sense, the smart city model is based on the investment in the social capital, technology and efficient use of resources for the enhancement of sustainability and to improve the livability of cities. Although the concept has been a topic of discussions between researchers in western countries, literature does not clearly distinguish the difference on the approach in developing countries that are most vulnerable to urbanization challenges, with limited economic resources and urgency for new solutions. Meanwhile, Latin American and Caribbean cities are expected to grow in the next years most of them will reach the condition of megacities. They also have urgent tasks to tackle such as access to social housing, inclusion of dismissed areas, security, corruption on institutions, resource management and citizen participation as well. Even if the region is responsible for a small quantity of gas and waste emissions at a global level, it has a big environmental vulnerability, so cities are changing their urban agenda and aiming efforts towards urban sustainability, some of them including the concept of smart city in their digital agenda and helping to construct an integrated vision of the city. The model represents a valid tool to overcome some actual urban sustainable challenges and it could embrace citizens to a more active position, transforming themselves from passive spectators into active actors towards the development of their cities. In the present thesis, the smart city will be explained as a model to reach urban sustainability in developing Countries, but considering that smartness cannot be approached the same in developed countries due to the different goals in urban management, target and problems. It will explore some urban innovations in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean that has been labelled as one of the most promising communities in terms of urban expansion, social development and that represents a potential target for ICT companies as a market for smart technologies. Through the method of tracking and mapping urban innovation projects, it will be presented the different areas of interventions, policy strategies and alignments that cities are focusing on. Furthermore, the internal synergies of the cities and their particular needs have produced many smart initiatives that are simply based in terms of technology but that represent a valuable solution and the real re-adaptation of the smart concept considering the complexity and context of the city. Therefore, the experience of Lima in Perú will be explained as an example in which the collective intelligence is the way to achieve smartness.
Le città sono dei sistemi complessi di consumo e produzione di ricchezza che occupano un’area definita sul piano fisico, ma che hanno un grande impatto ambientale. Per questo motivo bisognerebbe orientare tutti gli sforzi verso uno sviluppo urbano sostenibile. In questa prospettiva, il modello delle ‘Smart City’ è basato sull’investimento in capitale sociale, sull’implementazione tecnologica e sull’uso efficiente delle risorse con lo scopo di migliorare la sostenibilità e la vivibilità delle città. Anche se, nei paesi occidentali, questo argomento è stato oggetto di /diverse discussioni da parte di ricercatori, la letteratura non offre una chiara distinzione con l’approccio adoperato nei paesi in via di sviluppo, i quali risultano più vulnerabili alle sfide poste dell’urbanizzazione, caratterizzati da risorse economiche limitate e dall’urgenza di impiegare nuove soluzioni. Se da una parte si stima che le città dell’America Latina e dei Caraibi cresceranno ulteriormente nei prossimi anni e che gran parte di esse raggiungerà le dimensioni di una megalopoli, dall’altra si dovranno anche affrontare delle questioni imminenti come l’accesso all’housing sociale, l’inclusione delle aree dismesse, la sicurezza, la corruzione delle istituzioni, la gestione delle risorse e la partecipazione dei cittadini. Nonostante queste regioni siano responsabili solo di una piccola parte delle emissioni globali di gas e rifiuti, esse risultano molto vulnerabili dal punto di vista ambientale; di conseguenza, le città considerate stanno cambiando la loro agenda urbana e concentrando gli sforzi verso la sostenibilità urbana, aggiungendo i concetti di ‘Smart City’ nelle loro agende digitali e aiutando a costruire una visione integrata della città. Il modello della Smart City rappresenta un valido strumento per superare alcune sfide attuali nell’ambito della sostenibilità urbana e potrebbe indurre i cittadini ad assumere una posizione più attiva, trasformandoli da spettatori passivi in attori partecipi allo sviluppo delle proprie città. In questa tesi viene introdotto il concetto di ‘Smart City’ come modello per perseguire la sostenibilità urbana nei paesi in via di sviluppo, considerando, tuttavia, che la ‘smartness’, a causa di diversi scopi, obiettivi e problemi urbanistici, non può essere trattata con le stesse modalità con cui viene fatto nei paesi sviluppati. Saranno discusse alcune innovazioni urbanistiche nelle regioni dell’America Latina e dei Caraibi, le quali sono state indentificate come alcune delle più promettenti comunità in termini di espansione urbana e di sviluppo sociale, diventando così un potenziale target per le aziende ICT, quindi un mercato per le ‘smart technologies’. Attraverso il metodo di tracciamento e mappatura dei progetti d’innovazione urbana, verranno presentate varie aree d’intervento e strategie politiche e di allineamento su cui le città si stanno focalizzando. Inoltre, le sinergie interne alle città e le loro peculiari necessità hanno dato vita a molte iniziative ‘intelligenti’, basate su tecnologie semplici, ma che rappresentano anche una valida soluzione e il reale riadattamento di alcuni smart concept, effettuato considerando la complessità e il contesto della città. Dunque, l’esperienza della città di Lima in Perù sarà esemplificativa nella dimostrazione di come l’intelligenza collettiva sia la chiave per raggiungere la ‘smartness’.
The smart city in developing countries. A sustainable development model in Latin America and the Caribbean
BEINGOLEA SANCHEZ, CARLA PAMELA
2017/2018
Abstract
Cities are complex systems that occupy a minimum area at the physical level but have a high impact on the environment, thus they should direct efforts towards an urban sustainable development; in that sense, the smart city model is based on the investment in the social capital, technology and efficient use of resources for the enhancement of sustainability and to improve the livability of cities. Although the concept has been a topic of discussions between researchers in western countries, literature does not clearly distinguish the difference on the approach in developing countries that are most vulnerable to urbanization challenges, with limited economic resources and urgency for new solutions. Meanwhile, Latin American and Caribbean cities are expected to grow in the next years most of them will reach the condition of megacities. They also have urgent tasks to tackle such as access to social housing, inclusion of dismissed areas, security, corruption on institutions, resource management and citizen participation as well. Even if the region is responsible for a small quantity of gas and waste emissions at a global level, it has a big environmental vulnerability, so cities are changing their urban agenda and aiming efforts towards urban sustainability, some of them including the concept of smart city in their digital agenda and helping to construct an integrated vision of the city. The model represents a valid tool to overcome some actual urban sustainable challenges and it could embrace citizens to a more active position, transforming themselves from passive spectators into active actors towards the development of their cities. In the present thesis, the smart city will be explained as a model to reach urban sustainability in developing Countries, but considering that smartness cannot be approached the same in developed countries due to the different goals in urban management, target and problems. It will explore some urban innovations in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean that has been labelled as one of the most promising communities in terms of urban expansion, social development and that represents a potential target for ICT companies as a market for smart technologies. Through the method of tracking and mapping urban innovation projects, it will be presented the different areas of interventions, policy strategies and alignments that cities are focusing on. Furthermore, the internal synergies of the cities and their particular needs have produced many smart initiatives that are simply based in terms of technology but that represent a valuable solution and the real re-adaptation of the smart concept considering the complexity and context of the city. Therefore, the experience of Lima in Perú will be explained as an example in which the collective intelligence is the way to achieve smartness.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/140593