Nowadays, worldwide energy demand is absolved by fossil fuels. These latter, of course, release into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and other pollutants increasing the greenhouse effect and the acid rains phenomenon. Other energy sources must be then investigated. Biogas use as renewable energy source is becoming one of the possible alternatives in Europe, instead of fossil fuels. Nowadays, more than 1500 biogas plants are already active in Italy, Germany and France. Since it is produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic matter of different origins: municipal wastes, agricultural residues and food wastes represent the principal feedstock fed into anaerobic digestors. Biogas is mainly used for electricity production in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. This technology, used by biogas producers, is economically attractive only because government incentives regarding electric energy produced are emanated. However, since the number of plants is rapidly increasing, incentives are receding; this means that in the medium-term CHP plant will become unsustainable. An alternative use of biogas is then needed, with the aim, of course, to be self-sustaining. The target of this work is the development of a process which produces methanol from biogas and its feasibility analysis (i.e. verifying then the self-sustainability). Biogas is purified completely from solid compounds with inorganic or organic nature, from hydrogen sulfide and partially from carbon dioxide. It is subsequently transformed to syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) with a reforming process (steam reforming or autothermal reforming). Syngas is finally transformed to methanol in a shell-and-tube reactor; a further purification step is introduced to obtain a high purity of the product which satisfies commercial requests. This analysis of process alternatives is based on an economic assessment in order to evaluate which are the best process alternatives. Results will be in function of government incentives, biogas typologies (i.e. carbon dioxide content) and process stream flowrates, which will determine the selection criterion of most attractive alternatives.
Oggigiorno, la domanda energetica mondiale è assolta principalmente da fonti fossili. Queste ultime ovviamente rilasciano anidride carbonica ed altre sostanze inquinanti in atmosfera aumentando l’effetto serra e il fenomeno delle piogge acide. Un’alternativa fonte energetica deve essere quindi trovata. L’utilizzo del biogas come risorsa energetica sta diventando una delle possibili alternative alle fonti fossili in Europa. Ad oggi, più di 1500 impianti per la produzione di biogas sono attivi in paesi come Italia, Germania e Francia. Il biogas viene prodotto dalla fermentazione anaerobica di materiale organico di vario genere: rifiuti, residui agricoli e dell’industria alimentare rappresentano la principale materia prima alimentata ai digestori. Il biogas è per lo più utilizzato per la produzione di energia elettrica in impianti di cogenerazione (CHP plants). Questa tecnologia, sfruttata dai produttori di biogas, è economicamente vantaggiosa solo per mezzo degli incentivi statali sull’energia elettrica. Dato che il numero di siti per la produzione e la trasformazione di biogas è in aumento, gli incentivi stanno man mano diminuendo; questo significa che nel medio periodo gli impianti di cogenerazione non saranno più auto-sostenibili. Lo scopo di questa tesi verte sullo sviluppo di un processo per la produzione di metanolo a partire dal biogas e lo studio riguardante la relativa fattibilità (verificandone dunque l’auto-sostenibilità). Il biogas deve essere ovviamente purificato totalmente dalle sostanze solide di natura organica e non, dall'acido solfidrico e parzialmente dall'anidride carbonica in modo tale da poterlo trasformare in gas di sintesi ed infine in metanolo in un reattore a fascio tubiero. Il metanolo prodotto dovrà soddisfare specifiche di purezza per la commercializzazione. Lo studio riguardante le varie alternative di processo sarà ovviamente basato su considerazioni economiche che ne valuteranno la fattibilità. I risultati ottenuti saranno dipendenti da incentivi statali, tipologia di biogas e quantità processata, che determineranno il criterio di scelta delle migliori alternative.
Biogas to methanol : plant design and economic feasibility assessment
BONI, GIULIO;SCACCABAROZZI, MATTEO
2017/2018
Abstract
Nowadays, worldwide energy demand is absolved by fossil fuels. These latter, of course, release into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and other pollutants increasing the greenhouse effect and the acid rains phenomenon. Other energy sources must be then investigated. Biogas use as renewable energy source is becoming one of the possible alternatives in Europe, instead of fossil fuels. Nowadays, more than 1500 biogas plants are already active in Italy, Germany and France. Since it is produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic matter of different origins: municipal wastes, agricultural residues and food wastes represent the principal feedstock fed into anaerobic digestors. Biogas is mainly used for electricity production in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. This technology, used by biogas producers, is economically attractive only because government incentives regarding electric energy produced are emanated. However, since the number of plants is rapidly increasing, incentives are receding; this means that in the medium-term CHP plant will become unsustainable. An alternative use of biogas is then needed, with the aim, of course, to be self-sustaining. The target of this work is the development of a process which produces methanol from biogas and its feasibility analysis (i.e. verifying then the self-sustainability). Biogas is purified completely from solid compounds with inorganic or organic nature, from hydrogen sulfide and partially from carbon dioxide. It is subsequently transformed to syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) with a reforming process (steam reforming or autothermal reforming). Syngas is finally transformed to methanol in a shell-and-tube reactor; a further purification step is introduced to obtain a high purity of the product which satisfies commercial requests. This analysis of process alternatives is based on an economic assessment in order to evaluate which are the best process alternatives. Results will be in function of government incentives, biogas typologies (i.e. carbon dioxide content) and process stream flowrates, which will determine the selection criterion of most attractive alternatives.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/141289