Despite the significant results achieved at international conferences, global CO2 emissions continue to rise steadily. The most recent efforts undertaken by the European community have led to a gradual local reduction in per capita and absolute emissions. The main initiative taken by the European Union was manifested in the Emission Trading System, a policy aimed at reducing emissions produced within the European borders through which it was possible to create a market for CO2 emissions, with the aim of encouraging a reduction in emissions where costs are lower. Recent studies show that in recent years the emissions associated with imports to Europe have been more important than the reduction of those released within the European borders. It has therefore become increasingly significant to ask whether the efforts undertaken to reduce emissions allocated with a logic based on production are not offset by an increase in emissions associated with production in the countries from which it is imported (carbon leakage). A system of responsibility that allocates emissions on the basis of consumption is therefore discussed and analyzed. The objective of this research is to exploit the most complete global input-output model, the World Trade Model with Bilateral Trade, to try to simulate market behaviors that manifest themselves to the imposition of a policy based on production and a based on consumption and study their economic and environmental impact. The parameters were set in order to be able to rely on a simulation as similar as possible to reality, and then impose policies on the region corresponding to the European Union. It has been observed that the imposition of policies that limit emissions produced within the territory of the European Union does not always imply a reduction in emissions at the global level; this happens instead when policies that limit the emissions associated with goods and services produced all over the world and consumed by Europe are implemented.
Nonostante i significativi risultati raggiunti nelle conferenze internazionali, le emissioni di CO2 a livello globale continuano incessantemente ad aumentare. I più recenti sforzi intrapresi dalla comunità europea hanno portato a una progressiva riduzione locale delle emissioni pro-capite e assoluta. La principale iniziativa intrapresa dall’Unione Europea si è manifestata nell’Emission Trading System, una politica di riduzione delle emissioni prodotte entro i confini europei attraverso la quale è stato possibile creare un mercato delle emissioni di CO2, col fine di incentivare un abbattimento delle emissioni laddove i costi sono più bassi. Recenti studi mostrano come negli ultimi anni le emissioni associate alle importazioni verso l’Europa siano state più importanti della riduzione di quelle rilasciate entro i confini europei. È divenuto quindi sempre più significativo domandarsi se gli sforzi intrapresi per ridurre le emissioni allocate con una logica basata sulla produzione non siano compensate da un aumento delle emissioni associate alla produzione nei paesi da cui si importa (carbon leakage). Un sistema di responsabilità che allochi le emissioni sulla base dei consumi è quindi discussa e analizzata. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è quello di sfruttare il più completo modello input-output globale, il World Trade Model with Bilateral Trade, per provare a simulare comportamenti di mercato che si manifestano all’imposizione di una policy basata sulla produzione e di una basata sui consumi e studiare il loro impatto economico e ambientale. I parametri sono stati settati al fine di poter fare affidamento su una simulazione più simile possibile alla realtà, per poi imporre le politiche sulla regione corrispondente all’Unione Europea. È stato osservato come all’imposizioni di politiche che limitano le emissioni prodotte entro il territorio dell’Unione Europea non sempre segua una riduzione di emissioni a livello globale; questo avviene invece quando sono implementate politiche che limitano le emissioni associate ai beni e servizi, prodotti in tutto il mondo, consumati dall’Europa.
Fighting carbon leakage : assessing the effectiveness of production and consumption-based CO2 emissions policies based on the World Trade Model
GOLINUCCI, NICOLO'
2017/2018
Abstract
Despite the significant results achieved at international conferences, global CO2 emissions continue to rise steadily. The most recent efforts undertaken by the European community have led to a gradual local reduction in per capita and absolute emissions. The main initiative taken by the European Union was manifested in the Emission Trading System, a policy aimed at reducing emissions produced within the European borders through which it was possible to create a market for CO2 emissions, with the aim of encouraging a reduction in emissions where costs are lower. Recent studies show that in recent years the emissions associated with imports to Europe have been more important than the reduction of those released within the European borders. It has therefore become increasingly significant to ask whether the efforts undertaken to reduce emissions allocated with a logic based on production are not offset by an increase in emissions associated with production in the countries from which it is imported (carbon leakage). A system of responsibility that allocates emissions on the basis of consumption is therefore discussed and analyzed. The objective of this research is to exploit the most complete global input-output model, the World Trade Model with Bilateral Trade, to try to simulate market behaviors that manifest themselves to the imposition of a policy based on production and a based on consumption and study their economic and environmental impact. The parameters were set in order to be able to rely on a simulation as similar as possible to reality, and then impose policies on the region corresponding to the European Union. It has been observed that the imposition of policies that limit emissions produced within the territory of the European Union does not always imply a reduction in emissions at the global level; this happens instead when policies that limit the emissions associated with goods and services produced all over the world and consumed by Europe are implemented.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2018_07_Golinucci_Manoscritto.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/141489