In the last decades much importance was given by the international scientific community to climate change and GHG emissions issues. In order to reach the goals prefixed by international decisions, such as the Paris agreement, energy policies should be decided with great attention. Energy models are fundamental for those who want to investigate the reflections of today’s policies in the future. A key role is played by the policies that will be implemented in developing countries that are expected to grow dramatically in economic, demographic and energetic fields. Firstly, a complete resume of all the available energy models is done. Particularly, the focus is in the classification between bottom-up energy models and top-down energy models. Hybrid approaches are introduced, that integrate both the technologic richness of bottom-up and economic mechanisms of top-down. The objective of the thesis is then explained as the possibility to create a soft-link between a bottom-up optimization energy model and the top-down Input-Output analysis. The bottom-up model (Osemosys) and the IOA are initially described in order to highlight the main equations of the two approaches. Then, the soft-linking procedure to obtain the hybrid model is explained step by step. The obtained hybrid model is applied to a real case study, Kenya, since it is a country expected to grow fast economically and energetically the following years. Three different scenarios are proposed for Kenya. The first represents a power production mainly based on fossil fuels (coal) for the following years. The others two are renewable scenarios that propose a significant power production from renewable sources. The two renewable scenarios differ for the renewable penetration, which is much higher in the second case. All the three scenarios are modelled through Osemosys and the output data are used as input data for the IOA. The value added of the hybrid model with respect to the traditional bottom-up optimization model such as Osemosys is the possibility to obtain results not only energetic and environmental but also economic. So, the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions are evaluated for all the productive sectors, including industry and transport. The different scenarios show also differences in the total production from all the sectors such as differences in the values of the imports.
Negli ultimi decenni hanno assunto grande risalto agli occhi della comunità scientifica internazionale le tematiche di cambiamento climatico e riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra. Per raggiungere gli obiettivi fissati dai più recenti trattati internazionali, come l’accordo di Parigi, una scrupolosa attenzione deve essere fatta nella scelta delle politiche energetiche. Gli “energy models” sono sicuramente uno degli strumenti più importanti a disposizione di coloro che vogliono comprendere quali diverse conseguenze possano avere a distanza di anni scelte politiche attuali. Un ruolo chiave lo giocano inoltre le politiche che verranno adottate nei paesi in via di sviluppo, destinati a incrementare notevolmente consumi ed emissioni nei prossimi anni. Una attenta revisione e classificazione dei modelli disponibili viene proposta, concentrandosi soprattutto sulla differenza tra approcci bottom-up e top-down e sulla possibilità di ottenere modelli ibridi tra i due approcci, mantenendo l’elevato approfondimento tecnologico dei primi e la capacità di caratterizzare l’economia di un paese dei secondi. L’obiettivo della tesi viene quindi individuato nella possibilità di creare un legame di soft-link tra un modello bottom-up di ottimizzazione (Osemosys) e il modello Top-Down di Input-Output Analysis. Per prima cosa i due modelli vengono descritti singolarmente e ne vengono spiegate le equazioni governanti. Successivamente, le diverse fasi del sotf linking vengono spiegate una per una fino ad ottenere il modello ibrido. Il modello così ottenuto viene applicato a un caso studio, rappresentato dal Kenya, paese destinato nei prossimi anni a conoscere un significativo aumento in termini di popolazione e di domanda energetica. Tre diversi scenari di sviluppo per il paese africano vengono proposti. Il primo scenario è basato su un progressivo aumento della produzione energetica da fonti fossili (carbone). Gli altri due sono invece scenari in cui viene incentivato l’uso di fonti rinnovabili e si distinguono per la diversa penetrazione delle tecnologie rinnovabili nel mix energetico nazionale. Tutti e tre gli scenari vengono modellizzati tramite Osemosys e i dati di output vengono utilizzati per condurre la IOA. Il valore aggiunto del modello ibrido rispetto a quello puramente energetico risiede proprio nella possibilità di ottenere risultati significativi sia dal punto di vista ambientale ed energetico, che dal punto di vista economico. Oltre ai tradizionali output tipici dei modelli bottom-up quali consumi di energia primaria e emissioni di CO2 vengono accostati output riguardanti gli altri settori produttivi del paese, come industria e trasporti, così come le variazioni nelle importazioni.
A soft-link methodology to merge top-down and bottom-up approaches in energy modelling
INVERNI, RICCARDO
2017/2018
Abstract
In the last decades much importance was given by the international scientific community to climate change and GHG emissions issues. In order to reach the goals prefixed by international decisions, such as the Paris agreement, energy policies should be decided with great attention. Energy models are fundamental for those who want to investigate the reflections of today’s policies in the future. A key role is played by the policies that will be implemented in developing countries that are expected to grow dramatically in economic, demographic and energetic fields. Firstly, a complete resume of all the available energy models is done. Particularly, the focus is in the classification between bottom-up energy models and top-down energy models. Hybrid approaches are introduced, that integrate both the technologic richness of bottom-up and economic mechanisms of top-down. The objective of the thesis is then explained as the possibility to create a soft-link between a bottom-up optimization energy model and the top-down Input-Output analysis. The bottom-up model (Osemosys) and the IOA are initially described in order to highlight the main equations of the two approaches. Then, the soft-linking procedure to obtain the hybrid model is explained step by step. The obtained hybrid model is applied to a real case study, Kenya, since it is a country expected to grow fast economically and energetically the following years. Three different scenarios are proposed for Kenya. The first represents a power production mainly based on fossil fuels (coal) for the following years. The others two are renewable scenarios that propose a significant power production from renewable sources. The two renewable scenarios differ for the renewable penetration, which is much higher in the second case. All the three scenarios are modelled through Osemosys and the output data are used as input data for the IOA. The value added of the hybrid model with respect to the traditional bottom-up optimization model such as Osemosys is the possibility to obtain results not only energetic and environmental but also economic. So, the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions are evaluated for all the productive sectors, including industry and transport. The different scenarios show also differences in the total production from all the sectors such as differences in the values of the imports.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/141515