The present study arises from an internship experience at the IDB (Inter-American Development Bank) of La Paz, Bolivia that collaborates with the "Electricidad Para Vivir con Dignidad" (PEVD) program approved in 2008 under the administration of the Ministry of Energy. The program aims to increase the electricity coverage in rural and urban areas of the country, to improve standards of living by reducing poverty and finally to create or consolidate a productive economic structure for the entire population. In addition to the objectives listed, it is fundamental to advance with electricity coverage as the Bolivian government adopts a diesel subsidy policy and only in 2016 spent more than 50 million dollars for this subsidy. During the stay it was possible to collaborate on various development projects, and it was decided to focus on the sizing of a micro-grid for the rural community of Remanso, in the Department of Beni, by using diesel generator and photovoltaic technology. The difficulties encountered in building the off-grid of the village are all linked to its geographical position: in fact, Remanso is located in one of the most remote areas of the country, which makes it difficult to transport the technologies used, increasing their costs. In addition, being Remanso 300 meters above sea level, the solar radiation is very low compared to other areas of the country, considering that the Bolivian territory reaches heights of more than 5000 meters. After analyzing all the possible configurations, the best scenario was the one with diesel and PV with capacities of respectively 10 kW and 220 kW, for a total cost of 3500 dollars per household, definitively too high. It would seem very difficult for the government to invest in projects like these. For this reason, the second part of the present paper is focused on a possible path to go ahead with the rural electrification of Bolivia: in fact, it has been imagined that the community of Remanso was in different areas of the country, with the aim of evaluating if and how the costs vary. For the definition of the different areas, the variables, that on Homer are influenced by the different geographical positions, have been considered: the demand curve, changing according to climatic conditions, the solar radiation and the costs, which will present a transport overcharge in the case of not easily accessible areas. The final result is therefore a map of Bolivia in which fifteen zones are outlined, each one will present at least one variable different from the others, and consequent varied sizing and costs for the micro-grids. From the performed simulations, it has been easy to notice that the variable that above all impacts on the configuration of the off-grid, is solar radiation. Enough to say that the area with the lowest radiation shows an NPC between 750 and 1100 thousand dollars, while the area characterized by the greatest solar potential presents an NPC between 550 and 600 thousand dollars. Finally, indicators will be provided for each area, thanks to which it is possible to extend the analysis to rural communities that exhibit a different population with respect to Remanso.
Il presente studio nasce in seguito a un’esperienza di tirocinio all’IDB (Inter-American Development Bank) di La Paz, Bolivia che attualmente collabora al programma “Electricidad Para Vivir con Dignidad” (PEVD) approvato nel 2008 sotto l’amministrazione del Ministero dell’Energia. Il programma si pone gli obiettivi di incrementare la copertura di elettricità nelle aree rurali e urbani del Paese, di migliorare le condizioni di vita riducendo la povertà e infine di creare o consolidare una struttura economica produttiva per tutta la popolazione. Oltre agli obiettivi elencati, vi è l’importante necessità di avanzare con la copertura elettrica dal momento che il governo boliviano adotta una politica di sovvenzionamento di diesel e solo nel 2016 ha speso più di 50 milioni di euro per tale sussidio. Durante la permanenza è stato possibile collaborare a vari progetti di sviluppo, ed è stato poi scelto di concentrarsi sul dimensionamento di una micro-grid per la comunità rurale di Remanso, situata nel Dipartimento di Beni, utilizzando un generatore diesel e la tecnologia fotovoltaica. Le difficoltà incontrare per la costruzione della rete off-grid del villaggio sono tutte legate alla sua posizione geografica: la comunità è infatti situata in una delle aree più remote del Paese, il che rende difficile il trasporto delle tecnologie utilizzate, aumentandone i costi. In aggiunta, trovandosi Remanso a 300 metri sopra il livello del mare, la radiazione solare è molto bassa rispetto alle altre aree del Paese, se si pensa che il territorio boliviano raggiunge alture anche di 5000 metri. Dopo aver analizzato tutti i possibili scenari della configurazione, è stato selezionato come scenario ottimo quello con diesel e PV con capacità rispettivamente di 10 kW e 220 kW, per un costo totale di 3500 dollari per nucleo abitativo, decisamente elevato. Sembrerebbe davvero dispendioso da parte del governo investire su progetti di questo tipo. È per questo motivo che la seconda parte del presente elaborato si focalizza quindi su una possibile strategia per l’elettrificazione rurale della Bolivia: si è infatti pensato di immaginare che la stessa comunità di Remanso si trovi in aree diverse del Paese, volendo valutare se e come variano i costi. Per la definizione delle diverse aree si è tenuto conto di quelle variabili che su Homer vengono influenzate della diversa posizione geografica, ovvero la curva di carico, che cambierà a seconda delle condizioni climatiche, la radiazione solare e i costi, che presenteranno una maggiorazione di trasporto nel caso di area poco accessibile. Il risultato finale dell’analisi è quindi una mappa della Bolivia in cui verranno delineate quindici zone, ognuna delle quali presenterà almeno una variabile diversa dalle altre, e conseguenti dimensionamento e costi della micro-grid differenti. Dalle simulazioni eseguite è stato facile notare che la variabile che più fra tutte impatta sulla configurazione dell’off-grid è la radiazione solare. Basti pensare che la zona con la radiazione più bassa presenta un NPC compreso tra 750 e 1100 mila dollari, mentre la zona caratterizzata dal potenziale solare maggiore presenta un NPC compreso tra 550 e 600 mila dollari. Verranno infine forniti degli indicatori per ogni zona grazie ai quali è possibile estendere l’analisi a comunità rurali che hanno una popolazione diversa da quella di Remanso.
Micro-grid optimization for Remanso village and evaluation of possible off-grid configurations for rural areas of Bolivia
CIELO, FEDERICA
2017/2018
Abstract
The present study arises from an internship experience at the IDB (Inter-American Development Bank) of La Paz, Bolivia that collaborates with the "Electricidad Para Vivir con Dignidad" (PEVD) program approved in 2008 under the administration of the Ministry of Energy. The program aims to increase the electricity coverage in rural and urban areas of the country, to improve standards of living by reducing poverty and finally to create or consolidate a productive economic structure for the entire population. In addition to the objectives listed, it is fundamental to advance with electricity coverage as the Bolivian government adopts a diesel subsidy policy and only in 2016 spent more than 50 million dollars for this subsidy. During the stay it was possible to collaborate on various development projects, and it was decided to focus on the sizing of a micro-grid for the rural community of Remanso, in the Department of Beni, by using diesel generator and photovoltaic technology. The difficulties encountered in building the off-grid of the village are all linked to its geographical position: in fact, Remanso is located in one of the most remote areas of the country, which makes it difficult to transport the technologies used, increasing their costs. In addition, being Remanso 300 meters above sea level, the solar radiation is very low compared to other areas of the country, considering that the Bolivian territory reaches heights of more than 5000 meters. After analyzing all the possible configurations, the best scenario was the one with diesel and PV with capacities of respectively 10 kW and 220 kW, for a total cost of 3500 dollars per household, definitively too high. It would seem very difficult for the government to invest in projects like these. For this reason, the second part of the present paper is focused on a possible path to go ahead with the rural electrification of Bolivia: in fact, it has been imagined that the community of Remanso was in different areas of the country, with the aim of evaluating if and how the costs vary. For the definition of the different areas, the variables, that on Homer are influenced by the different geographical positions, have been considered: the demand curve, changing according to climatic conditions, the solar radiation and the costs, which will present a transport overcharge in the case of not easily accessible areas. The final result is therefore a map of Bolivia in which fifteen zones are outlined, each one will present at least one variable different from the others, and consequent varied sizing and costs for the micro-grids. From the performed simulations, it has been easy to notice that the variable that above all impacts on the configuration of the off-grid, is solar radiation. Enough to say that the area with the lowest radiation shows an NPC between 750 and 1100 thousand dollars, while the area characterized by the greatest solar potential presents an NPC between 550 and 600 thousand dollars. Finally, indicators will be provided for each area, thanks to which it is possible to extend the analysis to rural communities that exhibit a different population with respect to Remanso.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/141519