Neurostimulation through electrodes is a powerful technique which can help patients suffering from different diseases: epilepsy, chronic pain, headaches, etc. For instance, in some cases of chronic epilepsy, the vagus nerve is stimulated electrically which helps the management of seizures. An example of neurostimulation is the case of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation, where electrodes have to be placed on peripheral nerves and they are normally kept in place thanks to a cuff. Spiral cuffs, studied in this thesis, are small sheets of silicon curled in a spiral which are wrapped around the peripheral nerve by the neurosurgeon during the implant surgery. The cuff electrode-nerve interface needs to fulfil many biocompatibility requirements; one of these specifications is ensuring that the cuff pressure exerted on the nerve does not strangle the nerve. Studies show that above a certain pressure, set between 20 and 30 mmHg, cuffs irreversibly damage the nerve around which they are applied. As the applied pressure strongly depends on the cuff design, there is great need of a tool, i.e. a pressure sensor, capable of measuring the pressure exerted by different cuffs. In particular, this tool should be able to compare different designs and find which damage the nerve less, by evaluating the pressure applied on it. The instrument would therefore be used in the validation phase of the design of a cuff. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the requirements that the pressure sensor should fulfil, design a solution, manufacture it and calibrate it using known pressures. A second objective is to characterise different cuffs, some of which are manufactured by us and others bought from CorTec and then test them on the newly developed pressure sensor. Finally, the pressure sensor should detect whether a certain cuff is able to adjust its grip on the nerve, once this has increased its diameter due to inflammation. In other words, the pressure sensor should have the ability to increase the nerve diameter so that the self-sizing cuff adaptability can be tested. The present thesis includes extensive experimental work and all experiments were performed within Synergia Medical.
La neurostimolazione attraverso elettrodi è una tecnica efficace che può aiutare pazienti affetti da diverse malattie: epilessia, dolore cronico, emicranie ecc. Per esempio in alcuni casi di epilessia cronica, il nervo vago viene stimolato elettricamente, aiutando così a gestire le crisi epilettiche. Un esempio di neurostimulazione è quella dei nervi periferici: su questi vengono posizionati degli elettrodi che sono mantenuti in contatto coi nervi grazie a dei cuff. I cuff a spirale, studiati in questa tesi, sono due fogli di silicone che vengono arrotolati a spirale attorno a un nervo periferico dal neurochirurgo durante l’impianto chirurgico del neurostimulatore. L’interfaccia elettrodo cuff-nervo deve verificare molti requisiti di biocompatibilità. Uno di questi prevede che si assicuri che la pressione esercitata dal cuff sul nervo non sia così elevata da danneggiare il nervo. Precedenti studi dimostrano che i cuff, se esercitano una pressione superiore a circa 20 o 30mmHg, possono danneggiare permanentemente il nervo attorno a cui sono posizionati. La pressione esercitata dal cuff dipende fortemente dal suo design. È dunque necessario uno strumento, i.e. un sensore di pressione, capace di misurare la pressione esercitata dai diversi cuff. In particolare, questo strumento deve permettere di mettere a confronto diversi design di cuff per stabilire quale danneggi meno il nervo, attraverso la misura della pressione esercitata. Questo strumento deve dunque essere usato nella fase di validazione del design di un cuff. Gli obiettivi principali di questa tesi sono i seguenti: l’identificazione delle specifiche che il sensore di pressione deve soddisfare, la progettazione e costruzione di una soluzione al problema, e infine la sua calibrazione, utilizzando valori di pressione noti. Un altro obiettivo è la caratterizzazione e misura di pressione di diversi cuff, alcuni dei quali costruiti da noi a Synergia Medical, e altri comprati da CorTec. Infine, il sensore di pressione dovrebbe anche determinare se un cuff sia in grado di cambiare la sua pressione attorno al nervo, una volta che il diametro di quest’ultimo sia aumentato a causa di un’infiammazione. Ovvero, il sensore di pressione dovrebbe poter aumentare il suo diametro cosicché sia possibile misurare l’adattabilità del cuff. La presente tesi include un ampio lavoro sperimentale, e tutti gli esperimenti sono stati condotti a Synergia Medical.
Design of a validation sensor for pressure monitoring of implantable cuff electrodes for neurostimulation
RISSOTTO, SOPHIE
2017/2018
Abstract
Neurostimulation through electrodes is a powerful technique which can help patients suffering from different diseases: epilepsy, chronic pain, headaches, etc. For instance, in some cases of chronic epilepsy, the vagus nerve is stimulated electrically which helps the management of seizures. An example of neurostimulation is the case of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation, where electrodes have to be placed on peripheral nerves and they are normally kept in place thanks to a cuff. Spiral cuffs, studied in this thesis, are small sheets of silicon curled in a spiral which are wrapped around the peripheral nerve by the neurosurgeon during the implant surgery. The cuff electrode-nerve interface needs to fulfil many biocompatibility requirements; one of these specifications is ensuring that the cuff pressure exerted on the nerve does not strangle the nerve. Studies show that above a certain pressure, set between 20 and 30 mmHg, cuffs irreversibly damage the nerve around which they are applied. As the applied pressure strongly depends on the cuff design, there is great need of a tool, i.e. a pressure sensor, capable of measuring the pressure exerted by different cuffs. In particular, this tool should be able to compare different designs and find which damage the nerve less, by evaluating the pressure applied on it. The instrument would therefore be used in the validation phase of the design of a cuff. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the requirements that the pressure sensor should fulfil, design a solution, manufacture it and calibrate it using known pressures. A second objective is to characterise different cuffs, some of which are manufactured by us and others bought from CorTec and then test them on the newly developed pressure sensor. Finally, the pressure sensor should detect whether a certain cuff is able to adjust its grip on the nerve, once this has increased its diameter due to inflammation. In other words, the pressure sensor should have the ability to increase the nerve diameter so that the self-sizing cuff adaptability can be tested. The present thesis includes extensive experimental work and all experiments were performed within Synergia Medical.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/141593