The continuous increase in the demand of high quality thin films promotes a great deal of research activities and leads to the development of new physical vapor deposition techniques which can allow superior control over the deposition process. Among the many drawbacks related to industrial techniques, the achievement of higher deposition rates together with a tailoring of the films’ properties, seem to guide the research direction. Current magnetron sputtering (MS) deposition technologies make use of cooled targets. This thesis work is focused on the understanding and on the study of a new MS technique based on the use of liquid-phase target during magnetron operation. The special MS setup, and in particular the thermal insulation of the target together with the bombardment of highly energetic ions causes the target to reach elevated temperatures and eventually to melt and the target erosion is a sum of two contributions, sputtering and evaporation with the latter being responsible for the obtainment of much higher deposition rates in comparison with traditional techniques. Deposition rates of 1-2 orders of magnitude more were consistently obtained. The current state of the art regarding magnetron sputtering techniques was investigated, as well as the most utilized magnetron configurations and set-up constructions. The recent studies and theoretical models on liquid target magnetron sputtering, in particular on energy and substance transfer and the role of thermal processes, pioneered by Tomsk Polytechnic University team, led by professor Valery Krivobokov and Galina Bleykher, were examined. The preparation of the copper films was made in Tomsk under supervision of Dimitrii Sidelev and the help of Artyom Sergeyevich while the characterization was carried out at Politecnico di Milano. A comparison between copper films obtained with different deposition parameters was performed. In particular, the comparison was made in terms of energy flux density to the substrate, deposition rate, mechanical, morphological and crystallographic characteristics by varying pressure, discharge power value, substrate bias, pre-heating and crucible material. Copper films were deposited on two different substrates, Si and glass. Higher thicknesses were obtained for copper film on glass substrate. Highest deposition rates were obtained with molybdenum crucible, at higher discharge power values in self-sputtering mode (lower pressure). The influence of substrate bias and substrate temperature were also analyzed and correlated with the above mentioned film properties. Although this study doesn’t include a statistical approach, solely relying on a single sample for a specific set of deposition parameters, it gives a preliminary idea on the improved deposition rates and on its possible application in the microelectronics field. The obtained results are the starting point for the study of depositions of different materials that can be useful for future researches.
Il continuo aumento della richiesta di film di alta qualità contribuisce ad una crescita dell’attività di ricerca, nello studio e nella realizzazione di nuove tecniche di deposizione fisica da fase vapore che possano permettere un controllo superiore del processo di realizzazione dei film. Tra le molte difficoltà relative alle applicazioni su scala industriale, l’ottenimento di altre velocità di deposizione, insieme ad un maggior controllo delle proprietà dei film, sembrano dettare la direzione della ricerca. Le attuali tecniche di sputtering magnetico (MS) fanno uso di targets solidi raffreddati. Questo lavoro di tesi si concentra sullo studio e sulla comprensione di una nuova tecnica di sputtering magnetico basata sull’utilizzo di un target in fase liquida. Lo speciale set-up ed in particolare l’isolamento termico del target, insieme al bombardamento di ioni altamente energetici, contribuiscono all'aumento di temperatura del target fino alla sua totale liquefazione. L’erosione del target stesso diventa somma di due contributi: sputtering ed evaporazione. Quest’ultima è responsabile dell’ottenimento di più elevate velocità di deposizione rispetto alle tecniche convenzionali. Velocità di deposizione di 1-2 ordini di grandezza maggiori sono state ottenute in modo riproducibile. È stato investigato l’attuale stato dell’arte riguardo allo sputtering magnetico, così come le più usate configurazioni e le costruzioni tipiche. Sono stati analizzati studi recenti, portati avanti dal gruppo di ricerca del professor Valery Krivobokov e Galina Bleykher presso il Politecnico di Tomsk, su modelli teorici di sputtering magnetico da target liquido. In particolar modo, il trasferimento di materia, di energia e il ruolo dei processi termici. La preparazione dei campioni di film di rame è stata realizzata a Tomsk sotto la supervisione di Dimitrii Sidelev e con l’aiuto di Artyom Sergeyevich, mentre la caratterizzazione degli stessi è stata portata avanti al Politecnico di Milano. In questo lavoro viene presentato un confronto tra campioni ottenuti tramite parametri di deposizione differenti. In particolare, il confronto è stato fatto in termini di densità di flusso di energia sul substrato, velocità di deposizione, caratteristiche meccaniche, morfologiche e cristallografiche. I parametri di deposizione analizzati sono stati, pressione della camera, potenza di scarica, voltaggio sui substrati, riscaldamento dei substrati e materiale del crogiolo. Velocità di deposizione massime sono state ottenute per film con molibdeno come materiale del crogiolo, alte potenze di scarica e in modalità self-sputtering (pressioni minori). L’influenza del voltaggio sul substrato e del suo preriscaldamento è stata studiata e correlata alle diverse proprietà dei film sopra menzionate. Sebbene questo studio non presenti un’analisi statistica consistente, dovuto al fatto che è stato analizzato un solo campione per ciascun set di parametri di deposizione, fornisce un’idea preliminare sull'aumento della velocità di deposizione rispetto alle tecniche tradizionali e alla possibile applicazione in campo microelettronico. I risultati ottenuti potranno essere utilizzati come spunto per un ulteriore approfondimento sulla deposizione di materiali diversi.
Synthesis and characterization of copper thin films deposited by liquid target magnetron sputtering
FERRERI, LORENZO
2017/2018
Abstract
The continuous increase in the demand of high quality thin films promotes a great deal of research activities and leads to the development of new physical vapor deposition techniques which can allow superior control over the deposition process. Among the many drawbacks related to industrial techniques, the achievement of higher deposition rates together with a tailoring of the films’ properties, seem to guide the research direction. Current magnetron sputtering (MS) deposition technologies make use of cooled targets. This thesis work is focused on the understanding and on the study of a new MS technique based on the use of liquid-phase target during magnetron operation. The special MS setup, and in particular the thermal insulation of the target together with the bombardment of highly energetic ions causes the target to reach elevated temperatures and eventually to melt and the target erosion is a sum of two contributions, sputtering and evaporation with the latter being responsible for the obtainment of much higher deposition rates in comparison with traditional techniques. Deposition rates of 1-2 orders of magnitude more were consistently obtained. The current state of the art regarding magnetron sputtering techniques was investigated, as well as the most utilized magnetron configurations and set-up constructions. The recent studies and theoretical models on liquid target magnetron sputtering, in particular on energy and substance transfer and the role of thermal processes, pioneered by Tomsk Polytechnic University team, led by professor Valery Krivobokov and Galina Bleykher, were examined. The preparation of the copper films was made in Tomsk under supervision of Dimitrii Sidelev and the help of Artyom Sergeyevich while the characterization was carried out at Politecnico di Milano. A comparison between copper films obtained with different deposition parameters was performed. In particular, the comparison was made in terms of energy flux density to the substrate, deposition rate, mechanical, morphological and crystallographic characteristics by varying pressure, discharge power value, substrate bias, pre-heating and crucible material. Copper films were deposited on two different substrates, Si and glass. Higher thicknesses were obtained for copper film on glass substrate. Highest deposition rates were obtained with molybdenum crucible, at higher discharge power values in self-sputtering mode (lower pressure). The influence of substrate bias and substrate temperature were also analyzed and correlated with the above mentioned film properties. Although this study doesn’t include a statistical approach, solely relying on a single sample for a specific set of deposition parameters, it gives a preliminary idea on the improved deposition rates and on its possible application in the microelectronics field. The obtained results are the starting point for the study of depositions of different materials that can be useful for future researches.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/141728