Increased industrialisation , followed by the pollution of water resources has proven to be one of the most discussed and concerning issues in recent years. This new concern about environmental sustainability has led to increased efforts into finding new and more efficient ways of depuration. Many studies have been promoted to face such challenges. Photocatalysis has proven to be of particular interest for its economically favourable processing techniques, abundance of resources required and environmental friendly nature. Among the different tested photocatalytic materials, TiO2 was established as particularly valuable for its high efficiency when absorbing UV light, and possibly being activated by Visible light if properly modified in its structure. The latter characteristic has been exploited since the end of last century for numerous applications, such as purification of polluted air and water, self-cleaning glasses, coats and tiles. Following the results of those pioneer studies, new ways of increasing the material photocatalytic properties have been developed - namely through the addition of smalls amounts of cations or metal oxides. This has been achieved via a variety of methods, such as chemical doping and physical ion-implantation, with the main objective of increasing reactivity in the Visible light region. The main purpose of this thesis work consists in the preparation of TiO2/active carbon (AC) composites according to different concentrations of AC and different methods selected from literature. Three synthetic methods have been used: • TiO2 activation by Active Carbon support. The composite was prepared from a suspension of 2.5 g/L of TiO2 (Degussa P25) and Active Carbon in the desired percentage, then mixed, filtered and dried. • Hydrothermal preparation of TiO2:AC. A suspension with definite ratio of TiO2 (Degussa P25) AC with a mineralizer is subjected to thermal treatment in autoclave at 150 °C for 12h with pressure <50 bar, followed by washing and drying. • Hydrothermal preparation of AC:TiO2 compounds from TiCl4. For this last method it is important to note that different pre-treatments were applied on AC § AC not treated, § AC treated with sonication, III § AC treated with homogenizer. All the dry powders were suspended in distilled water with concentration 2.5 g/L of TiO2 to prepare thin layers of the same concentration on a glass substrate. The following characterization analyses have been performed on the obtained powders in order to better understand the photoactivity of the compounds and relate it to their properties: BET, powder dimension distribution, XRD, SEM. Particular attention has been set on photodegradation tests on Acid Orange7 and 4-chlorophenol of thin layer deposited on glass in liquid phase. Moreover, adsorption isotherm tests have been performed in liquid phase with free powder samples. The results obtained show that there is a correlation between the different amounts of AC present in the compound and the relative activity of the composite. Moreover, among composites with same concentration, the synthesis method can be partially responsible for the activity and stability of the compound. Samples differ in in particles size, which increases considerably for powders subjected to thermal treatment. It is worth noting that no doping effect is observed with respect to the pristine TiO2, as no evidence of a shift in activity in the visible light spectra is observed. Upon further observation two phenomena are found: absorption from AC and photodegradation by TiO2, demonstrating that the oxide keeps its activity.
L’aumento dell’industrializzazione e del conseguente inquinamento delle falde acquifere rappresenta uno dei problemi più discussi e preoccupanti degli ultimi anni. Il conseguente rinnovato interesse per la sostenibilità ha evidenziato la necessità di trovare nuove e più efficienti metodologie di depurazione, e numerosi studi sono stati promossi per far fronte a tale necessità. Tra le tecnologie favorite la fotocatalisi si è dimostrata di particolare interesse per il suo basso costo, la virtuale illimitatezza della sorgente energetica rappresentata dal Sole, l’attenzione per l’ambiente. Tra i diversi materiali studiati come fotocatalizzatori, il biossido di titanio (TiO2) si è rivelato particolarmente interessante per la sua elevata efficienza sotto irraggiamento con luce UV, e la possibilità di attivazione tramite luce Visibile quando opportunamente modificaato nella sua struttura. Questa caratteristica è stata sfruttata fin dalla fine del secolo scorso per numerose applicazioni tra cui la depurazione di acque e aria inquinate e la creazione di materiali con superfici autopulenti. Alla luce di questi studi pioneristici, le proprietà fotocatalitiche del TiO2 sono state ulteriormente affinate dall’aggiunta di piccole quantità di cationi e ossidi metallici con diverse metodologie, tra cui chemical doping e physical ion-implantation. Questi esperimenti si prefissavano di incrementare la reattività di questi compositi nel campo della luce visibile. Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è dunque la preparazione di materiali compositi di TiO2/active carbon (AC) con diverse concentrazioni di AC e differenti metodi di sintesi proposti in letteratura. Sono stati utilizzati tre metodi principali: • Attivazione di TiO2 da parte di un supporto di AC. Il composto è preparato da una sospensione con concentrazione 2.5 g/L di TiO2 (Degussa P25) e la percentuale in peso di AC desiderata. La sospensione è miscelata, filtrata ed essiccata. • Sintesi idrotermica di TiO2:AC. Una sospensione di P25 e AC con l’aggiunta di un mineralizzatore è sottoposta a trattamento termico in autoclave a 150 °C per 12 ore con una pressione inferiore a 50 bar. In seguito il composto è lavato ed essiccato. V • Sintesi idrotermica di AC:TiO2 partendo da TiCl4. Per questo ultimo metodo sono utilizzati diversi pretrattamenti per AC; § AC non trattato, § AC trattato con sonicatore, § AC trattato con omogeneizzatore. Le polveri ottenute sono state caratterizzate per valutare la fotoattività dei campioni e correlarla alle loro proprietà, sfruttando le seguenti tecniche: BET, dimensione delle polveri, XRD, SEM. Particolare attenzione è stata posta ai test di fotodegradazione con Acid Orange7 e 4-chlorophenol di film sottili depositati in fase liquida su vetro. Inoltre sono stati eseguiti test di adsorbimento in fase liquida di polveri libere. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano la presenza di una correlazione tra le differenti quantità di AC presente nei compositi e la relativa attività del composito. Inoltre tra i diversi compositi con stessa concentrazione di AC si sono riscontrate diverse caratteristiche di stabilità e attività in base al metodo di sintesi utilizzato. Una caratteristica particolarmente rilevante è la dimensione delle polveri; maggiore per polveri che hanno subito trattamento termico in autoclave. Un importante dato riscontrato è l’assenza di uno spostamento di banda nel campo della luce visibile rispetto al TiO2 non trattato, da cui si deduce che non si è riscontrato alcun drogaggio. Al contrario, un’attenta osservazione indica la presenza di due principali effetti dovuti all’aggiunta di AC: l’adsorbimento da parte di AC e la fotodegradazione dovuta alla presenza di TiO2, dimostrando che il materiale mantiene la propria attività.
TiO2-active carbon composite catalysts for water treatment
RIVA, MAITHEYA
2017/2018
Abstract
Increased industrialisation , followed by the pollution of water resources has proven to be one of the most discussed and concerning issues in recent years. This new concern about environmental sustainability has led to increased efforts into finding new and more efficient ways of depuration. Many studies have been promoted to face such challenges. Photocatalysis has proven to be of particular interest for its economically favourable processing techniques, abundance of resources required and environmental friendly nature. Among the different tested photocatalytic materials, TiO2 was established as particularly valuable for its high efficiency when absorbing UV light, and possibly being activated by Visible light if properly modified in its structure. The latter characteristic has been exploited since the end of last century for numerous applications, such as purification of polluted air and water, self-cleaning glasses, coats and tiles. Following the results of those pioneer studies, new ways of increasing the material photocatalytic properties have been developed - namely through the addition of smalls amounts of cations or metal oxides. This has been achieved via a variety of methods, such as chemical doping and physical ion-implantation, with the main objective of increasing reactivity in the Visible light region. The main purpose of this thesis work consists in the preparation of TiO2/active carbon (AC) composites according to different concentrations of AC and different methods selected from literature. Three synthetic methods have been used: • TiO2 activation by Active Carbon support. The composite was prepared from a suspension of 2.5 g/L of TiO2 (Degussa P25) and Active Carbon in the desired percentage, then mixed, filtered and dried. • Hydrothermal preparation of TiO2:AC. A suspension with definite ratio of TiO2 (Degussa P25) AC with a mineralizer is subjected to thermal treatment in autoclave at 150 °C for 12h with pressure <50 bar, followed by washing and drying. • Hydrothermal preparation of AC:TiO2 compounds from TiCl4. For this last method it is important to note that different pre-treatments were applied on AC § AC not treated, § AC treated with sonication, III § AC treated with homogenizer. All the dry powders were suspended in distilled water with concentration 2.5 g/L of TiO2 to prepare thin layers of the same concentration on a glass substrate. The following characterization analyses have been performed on the obtained powders in order to better understand the photoactivity of the compounds and relate it to their properties: BET, powder dimension distribution, XRD, SEM. Particular attention has been set on photodegradation tests on Acid Orange7 and 4-chlorophenol of thin layer deposited on glass in liquid phase. Moreover, adsorption isotherm tests have been performed in liquid phase with free powder samples. The results obtained show that there is a correlation between the different amounts of AC present in the compound and the relative activity of the composite. Moreover, among composites with same concentration, the synthesis method can be partially responsible for the activity and stability of the compound. Samples differ in in particles size, which increases considerably for powders subjected to thermal treatment. It is worth noting that no doping effect is observed with respect to the pristine TiO2, as no evidence of a shift in activity in the visible light spectra is observed. Upon further observation two phenomena are found: absorption from AC and photodegradation by TiO2, demonstrating that the oxide keeps its activity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/142342