As trade agreements decrease tariffs throughout the world, other barriers to trade emerge. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) can be just as troublesome as tariffs (and sometimes even more) for exporting countries. NTBs include any of a number of obstacles that restrict the ability of countries to export and nowadays, they may have a greater impact on trade than tariffs. The EU-US negotiations as the world's two largest trading partners on a comprehensive trade and investment agreement were launched in 2013, several more negotiating rounds were held and yet are expected. The biggest potentials of the so called TTIP, are attributed to the reduction of NTBs. However, in the current situation, some Trade barriers (NTBs) still continue to exist between these two regions and affect some sectors of the trading parties. The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impacts of NTBs imposed by the importing countries (which in this case is considered mainly the US) on EU export value by the econometric models and collected panel data of a 10-year time scale 2008 to 2017. Besides the NTBs, some other indicators were also added into the estimated models to identify the trade effect of NTBs imposed by importer countries (the US) on EU export (Italy) and their effect on the export value. A gravity model and the AVE tariff equivalents of NTBs were used Along with the other variables. For the empirical analysis a case study on Italian agri-food export to the US is chosen and analyzed. The obtained results suggest that NTBs had a negative impact on most of Italian agri-food exports and their effect was greater than those of tariffs. Hence, CHEESE category exports were not affected by NTBs. The results show that a 1% decrease of these barriers could lead to an increase of imports, indicating the sensitivity and that the NTBs have an important impact on today’s transatlantic trade relations. Tackling these barriers could not only lead to enormous benefits for the EU and the US, but also for third countries that trade with these two entities.
Poiché gli accordi commerciali riducono le tariffe in tutto il mondo, emergono altri ostacoli al commercio. Le barriere non tariffarie (NTB) possono essere problematiche tanto quanto le tariffe (e talvolta anche di più) per i paesi esportatori. Gli NTB includono alcuni degli ostacoli che limitano la capacità dei paesi di esportare e al giorno d’oggi potrebbero avere un impatto maggiore sul commercio rispetto alle tariffe. I negoziati tra UE-USA, i due maggiori partner commerciali del mondo, riguardo un accordo globale sugli scambi e gli investimenti sono stati lanciati nel 2013, inoltre molti altri negoziati sono stati svolti e altri ancora sono previsti in futuro. I maggiori potenziali del cosiddetto TTIP, sono attribuiti alla riduzione degli NTB. Tuttavia, nella situazione attuale, alcune barriere commerciali (NTB) continuano a esistere tra queste due regioni e colpiscono alcuni settori delle parti commerciali. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di valutare gli impatti degli ostacoli non tariffari imposti dai paesi importatori (in questo caso vengono considerati principalmente gli Stati Uniti) sul valore delle esportazioni dell’UE dai modelli econometrici e dai dati panel di una scala temporale di dieci anni dal 2008 al 2017. Oltre agli NTB, sono stati aggiunti anche altri indicatori nei modelli stimati per identificare l’effetto commerciale degli ostacoli non tariffari imposti dai paesi importatori (gli Stati Uniti), sulle esportazioni dell’UE (in particolare l’Italia) e il loro effetto sul valore delle esportazioni. Sono stati usati un modello gravitazionale e gli equivalenti tariffari AVE degli NTB insieme alle altre variabili. Per l’analisi empirica viene scelto e analizzato un caso studio sull’esportazione agro-alimentare italiana negli Stati Uniti. I risultati ottenuti indicano che le NTB hanno avuto un impatto negativo sulla maggior parte delle esportazioni agroalimentari italiane e il loro effetto è stato maggiore di quello delle tariffe. Pertanto, le esportazioni della categoria dei FORMAGGI non sono state influenzate dagli NTB. I risultati mostrano che una diminuzione dell’1% di questi ostacoli potrebbe portare a un aumento delle importazioni, indicandone la sensibilità e mostrando che le NTB hanno un impatto importante sulle attuali relazioni commerciali transatlantiche. Affrontare questi ostacoli potrebbe non solo portare a enormi benefici per l’UE e gli Stati Uniti, ma anche per gli altri paesi che commerciano con queste due entità.
Economic impact of NTBs in EU-US trade : a case of Italian agri-food export
VETR TAMIJANI, MAHYA
2017/2018
Abstract
As trade agreements decrease tariffs throughout the world, other barriers to trade emerge. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) can be just as troublesome as tariffs (and sometimes even more) for exporting countries. NTBs include any of a number of obstacles that restrict the ability of countries to export and nowadays, they may have a greater impact on trade than tariffs. The EU-US negotiations as the world's two largest trading partners on a comprehensive trade and investment agreement were launched in 2013, several more negotiating rounds were held and yet are expected. The biggest potentials of the so called TTIP, are attributed to the reduction of NTBs. However, in the current situation, some Trade barriers (NTBs) still continue to exist between these two regions and affect some sectors of the trading parties. The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impacts of NTBs imposed by the importing countries (which in this case is considered mainly the US) on EU export value by the econometric models and collected panel data of a 10-year time scale 2008 to 2017. Besides the NTBs, some other indicators were also added into the estimated models to identify the trade effect of NTBs imposed by importer countries (the US) on EU export (Italy) and their effect on the export value. A gravity model and the AVE tariff equivalents of NTBs were used Along with the other variables. For the empirical analysis a case study on Italian agri-food export to the US is chosen and analyzed. The obtained results suggest that NTBs had a negative impact on most of Italian agri-food exports and their effect was greater than those of tariffs. Hence, CHEESE category exports were not affected by NTBs. The results show that a 1% decrease of these barriers could lead to an increase of imports, indicating the sensitivity and that the NTBs have an important impact on today’s transatlantic trade relations. Tackling these barriers could not only lead to enormous benefits for the EU and the US, but also for third countries that trade with these two entities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/142475