In recent years, SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) photodetectors have been used in more and more very different applications, ranging from 3D image acquisition systems to optical fiber transducers for quantum cryptography, from “look around the corner” prototype vision systems to ultrasensitive photodetection in biomedical applications such as SPECT and automatic sequencer for DNA analysis. This thesis work partly deals with the TEINVEIN (TEcnologie INnovative per i VEicoli INtelligenti) project, which, among its purposes, aims at developing autonomous driving systems, where the role of the Dept. of Electronics, Information Science, and Bioengineering of Politecnico di Milano will be the development of the 3D vision system hardware. The first part of the thesis will deal with the prototyping and debugging of a vision system of this type, based on a SPAD camera previously developed at the SPADLab, capable of performing 3D acquisitions based on the indirect measurement of single photons’ time of flight (iTOF), with optimized VHDL firmware and brand-new software framework to wirelessly transmit and display the acquired data on to tablet. Moreover, some acquisitions will be performed in actual operative conditions, with the system mounted on a car, and some conclusions will be drawn based on the acquired results. As a second part of the thesis, various ultrasensitive photodetectors (namely APD, SPAD, analog and digital SiPM) will be compared through a detailed analysis. By developing a specialized optical setup, comparative acquisitions will be performed using both stray sunlight and artificial light, aimed at validating the simulation script for the four sensor typologies. After validating the simulations, a comparison of the operating areas will be carried out, across different brightness levels of background and signal. This will give a clear insight of the best photodetector to employ in different application case studies, and mainly in the lidar 3D vision for the automotive environment.
Negli ultimi anni, i fotorivelatori SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) sono stati usati sempre più in diverse applicazioni, che vanno dall’acquisizione di immagini 3D ai trasduttori per fibre ottiche per la criptazione quantistica, dai prototipi di visione “looking around the corner” alla fotorivelazione ultrasensibile in applicazioni biomediche quali SPECT e sequenziatori automatici per l’analisi del DNA. Il lavoro di questa tesi è in parte inserito nel progetto TEINVEIN (TEcnologie INnovative per i VEicoli INtelligenti) che ha tra i suoi scopi quello di realizzare sistemi a guida autonoma, in cui il ruolo del Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria del Politecnico di Milano sarà quello di mettere a punto un sistema di visione 3D. La prima parte della tesi si occuperà della prototipazione e del debug di un sistema di visione di questo tipo, basato su una camera SPAD precedentemente sviluppata dallo SPADLab, in grado di effettuare acquisizioni 3D basate sulla misura indiretta del tempo di volo (iTOF, indirect time of flight), con firmware VHDL ottimizzato e visualizzazione e trasmissione delle immagini a distanza verso tablet. Verranno inoltre acquisite ed analizzate delle immagini in condizioni operative realistiche, con il sistema montato su un’automobile. La seconda parte della tesi consisterà in un’analisi di confronto tra varie tipologie di fotorivelatori ultrasensibili (APD, SPAD, SiPM e SiPM digitale). Mediante la realizzazione di un apposito setup ottico, si effettueranno acquisizioni comparative con luce artificiale e luce solare, che serviranno per la validazione degli script di simulazione per le quattro tipologie di sensori. Dopo la validazione dell’insieme di simulazioni, si confronteranno le zone di funzionamento a diverse luminosità di fondo e di segnale. Tutto ciò fornirà una chiara interpretazione sul migliore fotorivelatore da impiegare nei diversi ambiti applicativi, ed in particolare in quello della visione lidar 3D nel mondo automotive.
Analisi e sviluppo di sistemi per acquisizione 3D a fotone singolo e multiplo per applicazioni automotive
PASQUINELLI, KLAUS
2017/2018
Abstract
In recent years, SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) photodetectors have been used in more and more very different applications, ranging from 3D image acquisition systems to optical fiber transducers for quantum cryptography, from “look around the corner” prototype vision systems to ultrasensitive photodetection in biomedical applications such as SPECT and automatic sequencer for DNA analysis. This thesis work partly deals with the TEINVEIN (TEcnologie INnovative per i VEicoli INtelligenti) project, which, among its purposes, aims at developing autonomous driving systems, where the role of the Dept. of Electronics, Information Science, and Bioengineering of Politecnico di Milano will be the development of the 3D vision system hardware. The first part of the thesis will deal with the prototyping and debugging of a vision system of this type, based on a SPAD camera previously developed at the SPADLab, capable of performing 3D acquisitions based on the indirect measurement of single photons’ time of flight (iTOF), with optimized VHDL firmware and brand-new software framework to wirelessly transmit and display the acquired data on to tablet. Moreover, some acquisitions will be performed in actual operative conditions, with the system mounted on a car, and some conclusions will be drawn based on the acquired results. As a second part of the thesis, various ultrasensitive photodetectors (namely APD, SPAD, analog and digital SiPM) will be compared through a detailed analysis. By developing a specialized optical setup, comparative acquisitions will be performed using both stray sunlight and artificial light, aimed at validating the simulation script for the four sensor typologies. After validating the simulations, a comparison of the operating areas will be carried out, across different brightness levels of background and signal. This will give a clear insight of the best photodetector to employ in different application case studies, and mainly in the lidar 3D vision for the automotive environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2018_10_Pasquinelli.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/142957