In the last decades carbon nanomaterials have affirmed themeselves as promising systems for different applications in the nanotechnologies field. Less known are carbon atom wires (CAWS), which are one-dimensional carbon chains (1-atom diameter) based on sp hybridization. The peculiarity of CAWs is that their functional properties strongly depend on the chain length and terminations, making these systems fascinating for technological applications. Extraordinary optical, electronic and mechanical properties are predicted for these systems, but due to problems related to their stability and formation process, a lot of work still has to be done in order to fill the existing gap between theory and engineering. This thesis aims to pursue the investigation of liquid arc discharge in water as synthesis method of CAWs. This technique consists of generating a plasma by applying a voltage at the ends of two electrodes immersed in a solvent. Several experimental parameters such as current intensities, time of arcing and volume of the solvent were investigated in order to find-out how they affect the chains formation. The produced solutions, were analysed through SERS(Surface Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) techniques in order to detect the formed chains. To study the stability of CAWs in aqueous environment, the produced solutions were left ageing and periodically analysed by SERS. Same analysis were performed mixing the carbon chains solution with a Lee-Meisel silver colloids, since silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have a stabilizing effect on CAWs. The mixture was left ageing in solution and as solid deposited on silicon substrate, showing different stability behaviour of the sp phase. The arc discharge process was also used to produce Ag NPs in water using silver electrodes. Colloidal solutions were prepared performing discharges in pure water and in a solution of water and sodium citrate(0.01M), and characterized through UV-vis spectroscopy, showing different optical properties. Finally in situ SERS experiment was also carried out by mean of an optic fiber immersed in the SERS active solution, in order to investigate in a qualitative way the CAWs formation mechanism.
Negli ultimi decenni i nanomateriali a base di carbonio si sono affermati come sistemi promettenti per le applicazioni più disparate nel campo delle nanotecnologie. Meno conosciuti sono i nanofili a base di carbonio (CAWs carbon atom wires), che consistono in catene monodimensionali (diametro della dimensione di 1 atomo) a base di carbonio ibridizzato sp. La peculiarità di questi sistemi è che le loro proprietà funzionali sono fortemente dipendenti dalla lunghezza di catena e dalla natura delle terminazioni, rendendo questi sistemi molto affascinanti per potenziali applicazioni tecnologiche. Straordinarie proprietà ottiche, elettroniche e meccaniche sono state calcolate per i CAWs, ma per problemi legati alla loro stabilità e al loro processo di formazione, c'è ancora molto lavoro da fare per colmare il gap che sussiste tra teoria e applicazione ingegneristica. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di studiare la tecnica di scarica ad arco in acqua utilizzata come metodo di sintesi dei CAWs. La tecnica consiste nel generare un plasma tramite l'applicazione di un voltaggio all'estremità di due elettrodi immersi in un solvente. Allo scopo di investigare come il processo influisce sulla formazione delle catene, sono stati studiati diversi parametri come l'intensità di corrente, la durata della scarica e il volume di solvente utilizzato. Le soluzioni prodotte sono state poi caratterizzate tramite le tecniche di spettroscopia Raman amplificata da superfici (SERS) e di cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione (HPLC), allo scopo di identificare le catene formate. Le soluzioni sono state poi lasciate invecchiare e analizzate periodicamente tramite SERS, per verificare la stabilità delle catene in acqua. La stessa analisi è stata fatta per soluzioni di catene disperse in un colloide d'argento, per indagare il potere stabilizzante di quest'ultimo. Il sistema CAWs-colloide e stato fatto invecchiare in provetta e come depositato su un substrato di silicio, mostrando una diversa stabilità della fase sp. La tecnica di scarica in acqua è stata utilizzata anche per produrre soluzioni di nanoparticelle d'argento con diverse proprietà ottiche, caratterizzate per mezzo della spettroscopia UV-vis. Infine è stata fatta una prova SERS in situ per indagare in modo qualitativo il processo di formazione dei CAWs, grazie all'utilizzo di una fibra ottica immersa in una soluzione colloidale SERS-attiva.
Synthesis of carbon atom wires through arc discharge in water
SENIS, ANDREA
2017/2018
Abstract
In the last decades carbon nanomaterials have affirmed themeselves as promising systems for different applications in the nanotechnologies field. Less known are carbon atom wires (CAWS), which are one-dimensional carbon chains (1-atom diameter) based on sp hybridization. The peculiarity of CAWs is that their functional properties strongly depend on the chain length and terminations, making these systems fascinating for technological applications. Extraordinary optical, electronic and mechanical properties are predicted for these systems, but due to problems related to their stability and formation process, a lot of work still has to be done in order to fill the existing gap between theory and engineering. This thesis aims to pursue the investigation of liquid arc discharge in water as synthesis method of CAWs. This technique consists of generating a plasma by applying a voltage at the ends of two electrodes immersed in a solvent. Several experimental parameters such as current intensities, time of arcing and volume of the solvent were investigated in order to find-out how they affect the chains formation. The produced solutions, were analysed through SERS(Surface Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) techniques in order to detect the formed chains. To study the stability of CAWs in aqueous environment, the produced solutions were left ageing and periodically analysed by SERS. Same analysis were performed mixing the carbon chains solution with a Lee-Meisel silver colloids, since silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have a stabilizing effect on CAWs. The mixture was left ageing in solution and as solid deposited on silicon substrate, showing different stability behaviour of the sp phase. The arc discharge process was also used to produce Ag NPs in water using silver electrodes. Colloidal solutions were prepared performing discharges in pure water and in a solution of water and sodium citrate(0.01M), and characterized through UV-vis spectroscopy, showing different optical properties. Finally in situ SERS experiment was also carried out by mean of an optic fiber immersed in the SERS active solution, in order to investigate in a qualitative way the CAWs formation mechanism.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/143362