The aim of this thesis consists in analyse the behaviour of supercritical flow in a tunnel bend with horseshoe cross section. Parameters such as energy losses, superelevation, cross waves and velocities were studied using theoretical models and further compared with the experimental observations. In order to provide a design tool for bends with this kind of section, some equations and graphs to estimate the coefficient of curve resistance fc and the superelevation are proposed. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory G. Fantoli of Politecnico di Milano, using a plexiglass conduit with an internal diameter of 23.2cm, which has developed along a bend with a deflection angle of 32° and a mean radius of 10.3m. Measurements of water depths and velocities were performed for discharges between 6 and 67 l/s, varying the upstream condition of the bend. The main results indicate that the coefficient of curve resistance fc decreases with the increase of the kinetic head, this result was confirmed by the tests realized placing a chute upstream of the bend. The acceleration provided by this element increase the velocities and therefore lower values of fc were obtained. Concerning the superelevation, it was determined that for lower discharges, the water depth difference between outer and inner sides were greater; moreover, assuming a constant value of the coefficient C to compute this difference might be considered as a rough estimation. Hence, graphs and equations, based on the experimental data, to compute this coefficient have been proposed. It has also been observed that the highest velocities are located on the inner side at the beginning of the curve, while at the outer side are concentrated at the end. In order to have a fully characterization of the velocity field along the curve more experiments and points of measurements are required. As a discussion topic, it was evaluated the choking flow. The results indicate that, for this case of study, the flow might reach the helical but not the choking condition; indeed, this phenomena is mainly linked to a combination of strong curvatures, large discharges and high Froude numbers. According to the results is necessary to highlight that in the design of tunnels, it is generally expected large radius of curvature that avoid the establishment of this phenomenon.
Lo scopo di questa tesi consiste nell’analizzare il comportamento della corrente veloce in una curva di galleria con sezione trasversale policentrica. I parametri quali la perdita di energia, il sovralzo d’onda, le onde incrociate, e la velocità sono stati studiati utilizzando modelli teorici e ulteriormente confrontati con le misure sperimentali al fine di fornire sia uno strumento di progettazione per curve con sezioni di questo tipo, che delle proposte di equazioni e grafici per stimare il coefficiente di resistenza della curva e il sovralzo d’onda. Le prove sono state effettuate presso il laboratorio di idraulica "G. Fantoli" del Politecnico di Milano, utilizzando una condotta in plexiglass con diametro interno di 23cm, che si è sviluppata lungo una curva con angolo di deflessione pari a 32° e raggio medio di 10.3m. Le misurazioni di tirante idrico e velocità sono state effettuate per differenti portate comprese tra 6 e 67 l/s, variando tale condizione a monte della curva. I risultati principali indicano che il coefficiente di resistenza della curva fc diminuisce con l’aumento dell’energia cinetica, questo risultato è stato confermato anche dalle prove eseguite con l’aggiunta di uno scivolo a monte della curva; in questo caso l’accelerazione fornita dall’elemento ha comportato incrementi di velocità che hanno portato a ricavare valori inferiori del coefficiente fc. Per quanto riguarda il sovralzo d’onda, è stato determinato che per le portate più basse la differenza di tiranti idrici tra esterno ed interno era maggiore; pertanto assumere un valore costante del coefficiente C per valutare questa differenza è una stima poco attendibile. Vengono quindi presentati grafici ed equazioni basati sui dati sperimentali che permette di calcolare il suddetto coefficiente. Si è inoltre osservato che le velocità più elevate sono localizzate sul lato interno all’inizio della curva mentre si concentrano sul lato esterno nella parte terminale. Al fine di avere una caratterizzazione più dettagliata del campo di velocità lungo lo sviluppo della curva si ritengono comunque necessarie ulteriori prove e misurazioni. Come ulteriore elemento di studio è stata valutata la possibilità di occorrenza del fenomeno di choking. I risultati tuttavia hanno indicato che, per il caso in esame, il flusso non raggiunge la condizione di choking; infatti questo fenomeno è fondamentalmente legato alla combinazione di curve pronunciate con alte portate ed elevati numeri di Froude. In accordo con i risultati ottenuti occorre evidenziare che abitualmente, nella progettazione di gallerie, si prevedono ampi raggi di curvatura che evitano l’instaurarsi di questo fenomeno.
Supercritical flow behaviour in non-linear alignments : physical model experience
HERRERA GÓMEZ, LISDEY VERÓNICA
2017/2018
Abstract
The aim of this thesis consists in analyse the behaviour of supercritical flow in a tunnel bend with horseshoe cross section. Parameters such as energy losses, superelevation, cross waves and velocities were studied using theoretical models and further compared with the experimental observations. In order to provide a design tool for bends with this kind of section, some equations and graphs to estimate the coefficient of curve resistance fc and the superelevation are proposed. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory G. Fantoli of Politecnico di Milano, using a plexiglass conduit with an internal diameter of 23.2cm, which has developed along a bend with a deflection angle of 32° and a mean radius of 10.3m. Measurements of water depths and velocities were performed for discharges between 6 and 67 l/s, varying the upstream condition of the bend. The main results indicate that the coefficient of curve resistance fc decreases with the increase of the kinetic head, this result was confirmed by the tests realized placing a chute upstream of the bend. The acceleration provided by this element increase the velocities and therefore lower values of fc were obtained. Concerning the superelevation, it was determined that for lower discharges, the water depth difference between outer and inner sides were greater; moreover, assuming a constant value of the coefficient C to compute this difference might be considered as a rough estimation. Hence, graphs and equations, based on the experimental data, to compute this coefficient have been proposed. It has also been observed that the highest velocities are located on the inner side at the beginning of the curve, while at the outer side are concentrated at the end. In order to have a fully characterization of the velocity field along the curve more experiments and points of measurements are required. As a discussion topic, it was evaluated the choking flow. The results indicate that, for this case of study, the flow might reach the helical but not the choking condition; indeed, this phenomena is mainly linked to a combination of strong curvatures, large discharges and high Froude numbers. According to the results is necessary to highlight that in the design of tunnels, it is generally expected large radius of curvature that avoid the establishment of this phenomenon.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/143807