The Cyclades are Greek islands located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea. The archipelago contains about 2,200 islands. Even though the islands have common features, they are not homogeneous. The varieties appear depending on the history of each island, its nature, the resources available, the landscapes, the wealth and the capabilities of the locals. In order to understand the reasons behind current look of the islands, we analyze the layers of the history of each island. The main points that we mention in our historical research are related to the periods of Venetian and Ottoman domination on Cyclades. Another historical event that was very important and influential in the formation of the Cycladic architecture was the Greek War of Independence (1821), which we discuss in details in the third chapter. It had a strong impact on the intellectual, economic and artistic development of the country. The architecture before the Liberation was followed by a series of mixed and heterogeneous developments with no uniform structure. While after the Revolution, Greece addressed itself with devotion to modernization through europeanization. As a result, the construction of buildings moved away from the typical traditional style of the Ottoman period and started demonstrating obvious influences from the classicism. The typical Cycladic architecture, with simple cubes and flat roofs, was modified in a way that the morphological and structural neoclassical tendencies could be adapted to it. Furthermore, in our research we refer to the Modern Movement, which arrived to Cyclades in the first half of the 20th century and had a great influence on the vernacular architecture. Here we mainly talk about the elimination of polychromy in architecture, the use of white, with the purifying role and with the role of a new beginning, promoted by modernism. Talking specifically about Greece, the white color arrived as an answer to the extensive use of colors in buildings and as a solution to bring order, which was one of the goals of the military government ruling at that time. Cycladic islands have been famous worldwide because of their white color. However, the white color was not that widespread on the islands until the 1930’, when colors were banned from buildings and white was dictated by Metaxas, Greek military officer and politician, serving as Prime Minister of Greece at that time. The influence of the Modern Movement had both positive and negative affects on the vernacular architecture of the islands. On one hand, the modern forms had been somehow existing in the vernacular architecture, thus they integrated well in the local context and, at the same time, allowed to bring the modern necessary amenities. On the other hand, at a certain point the focus turned to quantitative issues rather than aesthetics or environmental quality. This happened due to the pressing need of urban growth resulting to expansion or rebuilding of settlements. As a result, banal imitation of the Modern movement products became the commercial prototype for the “concrete boxes”. In the 70’s, after the shortcomings and problems of the modernistic development, the low quality of living became evident. One of the main factors that contributed to this problem was the touristic boom with its financial impact and transformation of the social structure and lifestyle of the islands. In this period concerns for cultural identity were put forward. Thus, when places change promptly and the psychological stress of an uncertain future becomes unbearable, there appears attachment to a lifestyle that carries along familiar images of a known past that gives a sense of stability and security. This is why, as a reaction to the changes in the second half of the 20th century, neo-vernacular architecture became dominant on Cyclades. The search for greek roots had turned to a preliminary concern in the 80s. At the same time the locals did not want to give up the modern framework and amenities in their substance. As a result, there was a kind of halfway position of the neo-vernacular, a sort of “greek-touch” to the designs. Today it seems that the tendency towards the direction of anonymous architecture and popular traditions is still on. In order to see which kind of form the vernacular elements take in the contemporary architecture, we decided to focus on Mykonos and, based on its example, analyze the nowadays’ architecture of Cyclades. To do so, we present a case study on contemporary projects that take place in Mykonos. In most of the cases architects apply the main elements of the vernacular architecture, for example thickness of walls, insulation materials, white color or small openings, with a contemporary approach. As on most of the Cycladic islands, one of the main factors that have formed Mykonos is tourism. It has altered not just how the occupation and lifestyle of the local people but the entire look of the island. The combination of fragments of the past and inspiration from it have resulted to a new design in order to accommodate the new activities. Moreover, in order to see the perception of white architecture, in the 5th chapter there is a survey that we carried out among the locals (33 people). The results demonstrate that most of the respondents consider the white color as a symbol of Cycladic architecture (88%) and would not like to change it. However, at the same time, 91% of the respondents find it important to show their identity and personality through their houses. Also in this chapter we show the point of the architects on the same argument. Referring to the interviews presented in the article of Stella Georgiou called “Building Mykonos.” in the magazine “Greece Is. Mykonos”, we found out that some architects consider the rule on white architecture as a restriction to their design choices. Moreover, some architects as, for instance, Stasinopoulos, find that the contemporary countryside white buildings have a negative visual impact on the islands, because they undermine the natural charm and create a landscape that has little to do with tradition. So a series of ordinances seek to preserve the architectural past, imposing detailed design rules for new buildings, especially in traditional villages. A similar opinion is shared by Deborah French, sculptor and interior designer. In her opinion, white houses up on the hill look ostentatious and detract from the surroundings. While built from rock, the residences blend in and almost disappear into the hill. Finally, taking into considering the historical background and the survey, we propose to create a sort of virtual platform/application that will serve as a virtual reality for experiments. In this way, on one hand, from the architectural point of view there will be a possibility to imagine the future of the white islands and identify them without the actual physical intervention. On the other hand, it can allow the local people to express their personality via their buildings. Moreover, as tourism is one of the main components of the economy and reality of the Cycladic islands, and specifically Mykonos, can add an extra value to the context for the tourists to explore.
Le Cicladi sono isole greche situate nella parte meridionale del Mar Egeo. L'arcipelago contiene circa 2.200 isole. Anche se le isole hanno caratteristiche comuni, non sono omogenee. Le varietà appaiono in base alla storia di ciascuna isola, alla sua natura, alle risorse disponibili, ai paesaggi, alla ricchezza e alle capacità della gente del posto. Per capire le ragioni che stanno dietro l'aspetto attuale delle isole, analizziamo gli strati della storia di ciascuna isola. I punti principali che menzioniamo nella nostra ricerca storica sono legati ai periodi della dominazione veneziana e ottomana sulle Cicladi. Un altro evento storico che fu molto importante e influente nella formazione dell'architettura cicladica fu la Guerra d'indipendenza greca (1821), di cui discuteremo in dettaglio nel terzo capitolo. Ha avuto un forte impatto sullo sviluppo intellettuale, economico e artistico del paese. L'architettura prima della Liberazione fu seguita da una serie di sviluppi misti ed eterogenei senza una struttura uniforme. Mentre dopo la Rivoluzione, la Grecia si è indirizzata con devozione alla modernizzazione attraverso l'europeizzazione. Di conseguenza, la costruzione di edifici si allontanò dal tipico stile tradizionale del periodo ottomano e iniziò a dimostrare evidenti influenze dal classicismo. La tipica architettura delle Cicladi, con semplici cubi e tetti piatti, è stata modificata in modo tale che le tendenze morfologiche e strutturali neoclassiche potrebbero essere adattate ad essa. Inoltre, nella nostra ricerca ci riferiamo al Movimento Moderno, arrivato nelle Cicladi nella prima metà del XX secolo e che ha avuto una grande influenza sull'architettura vernacolare. Qui parliamo principalmente dell'eliminazione della policromia in architettura, dell'uso del bianco, del ruolo purificatore e del ruolo di un nuovo inizio, promosso dal modernismo. Parlando specificamente della Grecia, il colore bianco è arrivato come risposta all'ampio uso dei colori negli edifici e come soluzione per portare ordine, che era uno degli obiettivi della sentenza del governo militare in quel momento. Le isole delle Cicladi sono famose in tutto il mondo per il loro colore bianco. Tuttavia, il colore bianco non era così diffuso nelle isole fino al 1930, quando i colori furono banditi dagli edifici e il bianco fu dettato da Metaxas, ufficiale e politico militare greco, che serviva come primo ministro della Grecia in quel momento. L'influenza del movimento moderno ha avuto effetti sia positivi che negativi sull'architettura vernacolare delle isole. Da un lato, le forme moderne erano state in qualche modo esistenti nell'architettura vernacolare, quindi si integrarono bene nel contesto locale e, allo stesso tempo, permisero di portare i moderni comfort necessari. D'altra parte, a un certo punto l'attenzione si è concentrata su questioni quantitative piuttosto che sull'estetica o sulla qualità ambientale. Ciò è avvenuto a causa del bisogno pressante di crescita urbana che ha portato all'espansione o alla ricostruzione di insediamenti. Di conseguenza, l'imitazione banale dei prodotti del movimento moderno divenne il prototipo commerciale delle "scatole di cemento". Negli anni '70, dopo le carenze e i problemi dello sviluppo modernista, la scarsa qualità della vita divenne evidente. Uno dei principali fattori che ha contribuito a questo problema è stato il boom turistico con il suo impatto finanziario e la trasformazione della struttura sociale e dello stile di vita delle isole. In questo periodo sono state avanzate preoccupazioni per l'identità culturale. Quindi, quando i luoghi cambiano prontamente e lo stress psicologico di un futuro incerto diventa insopportabile, appare l'attaccamento a uno stile di vita che porta con sé immagini familiari di un passato conosciuto che dà un senso di stabilità e sicurezza. Ecco perché, come reazione ai cambiamenti nella seconda metà del 20 ° secolo, l'architettura neo-vernacolare divenne dominante sulle Cicladi. La ricerca delle radici greche si era trasformata in una preoccupazione preliminare negli anni '80. Allo stesso tempo, la gente del posto non voleva rinunciare alla struttura e ai servizi moderni nella loro sostanza. Di conseguenza, c'era una sorta di posizione a metà strada del neo-vernacolare, una sorta di "tocco greco" per i disegni.Oggi sembra che la tendenza verso la direzione dell'architettura anonima e delle tradizioni popolari sia ancora accesa. Per vedere quale tipo di forma prendono gli elementi vernacolari nell'architettura contemporanea, abbiamo deciso di concentrarci su Mykonos e, sulla base del suo esempio, analizzare l'architettura attuale delle Cicladi. Per farlo, presentiamo un caso di studio sui progetti contemporanei che si svolgono a Mykonos. Nella maggior parte dei casi gli architetti applicano gli elementi principali dell'architettura vernacolare, ad esempio spessori delle pareti, materiali isolanti, colore bianco o piccole aperture, con un approccio contemporaneo. Come nella maggior parte delle isole delle Cicladi, uno dei principali fattori che hanno formato Mykonos è il turismo. Ha alterato non solo l'occupazione e lo stile di vita della popolazione locale, ma l'intero aspetto dell'isola. La combinazione di frammenti del passato e la sua ispirazione hanno portato a un nuovo design per accogliere le nuove attività. Inoltre, per vedere la percezione dell'architettura bianca, nel V capitolo c'è un sondaggio che abbiamo condotto tra i locali (33 persone). I risultati dimostrano che la maggior parte degli intervistati considera il colore bianco come un simbolo dell'architettura delle Cicladi (88%) e non vorrebbe cambiarlo. Tuttavia, allo stesso tempo, il 91% degli intervistati ritiene importante mostrare la propria identità e personalità attraverso le proprie case. Anche in questo capitolo mostriamo il punto degli architetti sullo stesso argomento. Riferendosi alle interviste presentate nell'articolo di Stella Georgiou chiamato "Building Mykonos." Nella rivista "Greece Is. Mykonos ", abbiamo scoperto che alcuni architetti considerano la regola sull'architettura bianca come una limitazione alle loro scelte progettuali. Inoltre, alcuni architetti come Stasinopoulos, ad esempio, scoprono che gli edifici bianchi della campagna contemporanea hanno un impatto visivo negativo sulle isole, perché minano il fascino naturale e creano un paesaggio che ha poco a che fare con la tradizione. Quindi una serie di ordinanze cerca di preservare il passato architettonico, imponendo regole di progettazione dettagliate per i nuovi edifici, specialmente nei villaggi tradizionali. Un parere simile è condiviso da Deborah French, scultore e interior designer. Secondo lei, le case bianche sulla collina sembrano ostentate e distraggono dall'ambiente circostante. Mentre costruite dalla roccia, le residenze si fondono e quasi scompaiono nella collina. Infine, prendendo in considerazione il background storico e il sondaggio, proponiamo di creare una sorta di piattaforma / applicazione virtuale che servirà come realtà virtuale per gli esperimenti. In questo modo, da un lato, dal punto di vista architettonico ci sarà la possibilità di immaginare il futuro delle isole bianche e identificarle senza l'intervento fisico reale. D'altra parte, può permettere alla popolazione locale di esprimere la propria personalità attraverso i propri edifici. Inoltre, poiché il turismo è una delle componenti principali dell'economia e della realtà delle isole Cicladi, e in particolare Mykonos, può aggiungere un valore aggiunto al contesto da esplorare per i turisti.
Future islands. Exploring the anonymous
TSAGKARAKIS, GEORGIOS;POGHOSYAN, LILIT
2017/2018
Abstract
The Cyclades are Greek islands located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea. The archipelago contains about 2,200 islands. Even though the islands have common features, they are not homogeneous. The varieties appear depending on the history of each island, its nature, the resources available, the landscapes, the wealth and the capabilities of the locals. In order to understand the reasons behind current look of the islands, we analyze the layers of the history of each island. The main points that we mention in our historical research are related to the periods of Venetian and Ottoman domination on Cyclades. Another historical event that was very important and influential in the formation of the Cycladic architecture was the Greek War of Independence (1821), which we discuss in details in the third chapter. It had a strong impact on the intellectual, economic and artistic development of the country. The architecture before the Liberation was followed by a series of mixed and heterogeneous developments with no uniform structure. While after the Revolution, Greece addressed itself with devotion to modernization through europeanization. As a result, the construction of buildings moved away from the typical traditional style of the Ottoman period and started demonstrating obvious influences from the classicism. The typical Cycladic architecture, with simple cubes and flat roofs, was modified in a way that the morphological and structural neoclassical tendencies could be adapted to it. Furthermore, in our research we refer to the Modern Movement, which arrived to Cyclades in the first half of the 20th century and had a great influence on the vernacular architecture. Here we mainly talk about the elimination of polychromy in architecture, the use of white, with the purifying role and with the role of a new beginning, promoted by modernism. Talking specifically about Greece, the white color arrived as an answer to the extensive use of colors in buildings and as a solution to bring order, which was one of the goals of the military government ruling at that time. Cycladic islands have been famous worldwide because of their white color. However, the white color was not that widespread on the islands until the 1930’, when colors were banned from buildings and white was dictated by Metaxas, Greek military officer and politician, serving as Prime Minister of Greece at that time. The influence of the Modern Movement had both positive and negative affects on the vernacular architecture of the islands. On one hand, the modern forms had been somehow existing in the vernacular architecture, thus they integrated well in the local context and, at the same time, allowed to bring the modern necessary amenities. On the other hand, at a certain point the focus turned to quantitative issues rather than aesthetics or environmental quality. This happened due to the pressing need of urban growth resulting to expansion or rebuilding of settlements. As a result, banal imitation of the Modern movement products became the commercial prototype for the “concrete boxes”. In the 70’s, after the shortcomings and problems of the modernistic development, the low quality of living became evident. One of the main factors that contributed to this problem was the touristic boom with its financial impact and transformation of the social structure and lifestyle of the islands. In this period concerns for cultural identity were put forward. Thus, when places change promptly and the psychological stress of an uncertain future becomes unbearable, there appears attachment to a lifestyle that carries along familiar images of a known past that gives a sense of stability and security. This is why, as a reaction to the changes in the second half of the 20th century, neo-vernacular architecture became dominant on Cyclades. The search for greek roots had turned to a preliminary concern in the 80s. At the same time the locals did not want to give up the modern framework and amenities in their substance. As a result, there was a kind of halfway position of the neo-vernacular, a sort of “greek-touch” to the designs. Today it seems that the tendency towards the direction of anonymous architecture and popular traditions is still on. In order to see which kind of form the vernacular elements take in the contemporary architecture, we decided to focus on Mykonos and, based on its example, analyze the nowadays’ architecture of Cyclades. To do so, we present a case study on contemporary projects that take place in Mykonos. In most of the cases architects apply the main elements of the vernacular architecture, for example thickness of walls, insulation materials, white color or small openings, with a contemporary approach. As on most of the Cycladic islands, one of the main factors that have formed Mykonos is tourism. It has altered not just how the occupation and lifestyle of the local people but the entire look of the island. The combination of fragments of the past and inspiration from it have resulted to a new design in order to accommodate the new activities. Moreover, in order to see the perception of white architecture, in the 5th chapter there is a survey that we carried out among the locals (33 people). The results demonstrate that most of the respondents consider the white color as a symbol of Cycladic architecture (88%) and would not like to change it. However, at the same time, 91% of the respondents find it important to show their identity and personality through their houses. Also in this chapter we show the point of the architects on the same argument. Referring to the interviews presented in the article of Stella Georgiou called “Building Mykonos.” in the magazine “Greece Is. Mykonos”, we found out that some architects consider the rule on white architecture as a restriction to their design choices. Moreover, some architects as, for instance, Stasinopoulos, find that the contemporary countryside white buildings have a negative visual impact on the islands, because they undermine the natural charm and create a landscape that has little to do with tradition. So a series of ordinances seek to preserve the architectural past, imposing detailed design rules for new buildings, especially in traditional villages. A similar opinion is shared by Deborah French, sculptor and interior designer. In her opinion, white houses up on the hill look ostentatious and detract from the surroundings. While built from rock, the residences blend in and almost disappear into the hill. Finally, taking into considering the historical background and the survey, we propose to create a sort of virtual platform/application that will serve as a virtual reality for experiments. In this way, on one hand, from the architectural point of view there will be a possibility to imagine the future of the white islands and identify them without the actual physical intervention. On the other hand, it can allow the local people to express their personality via their buildings. Moreover, as tourism is one of the main components of the economy and reality of the Cycladic islands, and specifically Mykonos, can add an extra value to the context for the tourists to explore.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/143921