The pollution, the increase of global energy demand and the resulting increment of fossil fuel price, such as coal and gas, mainly used in conventional power plants, pushed towards the development of new energy sources, such as the renewables. These sources, however, are associated to a lot of drawbacks, e.g. the unpredictability of energy produced, which relies on factors that cannot be controlled, like sunlight in photovoltaic plants and wind speed in wind farms. In the light of the above, the development of new systems, able to store the surplus of energy produced by renewable and conventional plants, and to produce energy with high efficiency, is required. In this context, research and development of electrochemical cell technology expanded a lot in the last years, with the reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) being in the spotlight of the interest. The fuel electrode of these cells is often based on materials like Ni, which enable an important cause of degradation of the cells - carbon deposition, a phenomenon that leads to carbon nanotube formation on the fuel electrode and to decrease of the efficiency with time of the cell itself. The aim of this thesis is to analyse this phenomenon by applying the Boudouard reaction, which allows to produce and deposit solid carbon starting from a feed of CO/〖CO〗_2, on different materials used in rSOCs. In this way, a deep analysis of how this phenomenon is occurring and which are the main influencing parameters is carried out. Nine tests are presented, and the influence of carbon deposition phenomenon is analysed, changing not only working parameters like the materials used but also the input flow rates and the working temperature. To study each sample, a mass balance analysis is implemented, aiming to find out the quantity of Carbon deposited on the catalyst. Raman spectroscopy and an electron microscope (SEM) analysis is used to investigate the carbon presence in the sample.
L’incessante aumento dell’inquinamento, il continuo incremento di richiesta energetica a livello mondiale ed il conseguente aumento dei prezzi delle fonti fossili utilizzate negli impianti convenzionali, quali quelli a carbone ed a gas, hanno spinto la ricerca verso nuove fonti di energia, tra cui quelle rinnovabili. Queste ultime, comunque, presentano diversi aspetti negativi, in particolare l’aleatorietà dell’energia prodotta, che è funzione di fattori che non possono essere regolati, quali la luce solare in impianti fotovoltaici o la velocità del vento in impianti eolici. Per queste ragioni, è necessario lo sviluppo di sistemi che siano in grado di stoccare il surplus di energia prodotta da altri impianti, ma anche di produrne con un’alta efficienza: in questo contesto, negli ultimi anni hanno preso sempre più spazio le celle a combustibile, e di particolare attenzione sono le rSOCs (reversible solid oxide cells). L’elettrodo di queste celle è spesso composto da materiali quali Nickel, materiali che, tuttavia, sono associati a diversi problemi. Tra questi vi è la carbon deposition, fenomeno che porta alla formazione di nanotubi al carbonio sull’elettrodo e ad un conseguente decremento dell’efficienza dell’intera cella nel tempo. Scopo di questa tesi è analizzare questo fenomeno tramite l’utilizzo della reazione di Boudouard, reazione che permette di produrre e depositare carbonio solido partendo da un flusso di CO e 〖CO〗_2, su diversi materiali ed in particolare quelli principalmente utilizzati nelle rSOCs. In questo modo, è ottenuta un’analisi approfondita di come questo fenomeno accada e quali siano i principali parametri influenzanti. A questo scopo sono stati eseguiti nove test, cercando di osservare l’entità del fenomeno della carbon deposition in ciascuno di essi, variando diversi fattori tra cui non solo i materiali utilizzati ma anche i flussi in ingresso e la temperatura di lavoro. Nell’analisi di ciascun materiale è stato implementato un bilancio di massa, volto a definire la quantità di carbonio depositatosi, ed è stato fatto uso della Spettroscopia Raman e, infine, di un microscopio elettronico (SEM).
Analysis of carbon deposition phenomenon focused on reversible solid oxide cells materials
MOLTENI, LORENZO
2017/2018
Abstract
The pollution, the increase of global energy demand and the resulting increment of fossil fuel price, such as coal and gas, mainly used in conventional power plants, pushed towards the development of new energy sources, such as the renewables. These sources, however, are associated to a lot of drawbacks, e.g. the unpredictability of energy produced, which relies on factors that cannot be controlled, like sunlight in photovoltaic plants and wind speed in wind farms. In the light of the above, the development of new systems, able to store the surplus of energy produced by renewable and conventional plants, and to produce energy with high efficiency, is required. In this context, research and development of electrochemical cell technology expanded a lot in the last years, with the reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) being in the spotlight of the interest. The fuel electrode of these cells is often based on materials like Ni, which enable an important cause of degradation of the cells - carbon deposition, a phenomenon that leads to carbon nanotube formation on the fuel electrode and to decrease of the efficiency with time of the cell itself. The aim of this thesis is to analyse this phenomenon by applying the Boudouard reaction, which allows to produce and deposit solid carbon starting from a feed of CO/〖CO〗_2, on different materials used in rSOCs. In this way, a deep analysis of how this phenomenon is occurring and which are the main influencing parameters is carried out. Nine tests are presented, and the influence of carbon deposition phenomenon is analysed, changing not only working parameters like the materials used but also the input flow rates and the working temperature. To study each sample, a mass balance analysis is implemented, aiming to find out the quantity of Carbon deposited on the catalyst. Raman spectroscopy and an electron microscope (SEM) analysis is used to investigate the carbon presence in the sample.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/144115