Introduction The study in question proposes a clinical analysis, such as case-control observation, on cardiac variability (HRV) parameters, related to the physiological modification of cardiovascular autonomic control (CAC) during nocturnal sleep. Despite the sleep of pathological patients has been studied for macro and micro structural aspects, few studies have investigated the modulation of the autonomic nervous system. The pathological conditions in question are parasomnias and epilepsies. Both conditions manifest themselves in different ways. The study aims to investigate, for epilepsies and parasomnias, those occurring during NREM nocturnal sleep period, the latter called the Arousal Disorders (DOA). Materials and Methods The analysis of the modulation of autonomy of the cardiac activity is carried out by spectral analysis of the HRV signal, associating the activity of the sympathetic component to the Low frequency components, the parasympathetic activity with the High frequency, their relationship is associated with the sympatho-vagal balance. This type of investigation is a robust and non-invasive method to evaluate the functioning of the ANS: several studies make use of it during the evaluation of the pathologies in which an alteration of the functioning of the SNA is involved. The extracted parameters are those of spectral power of the HRV signal in low and high frequency, their respective ratio and the cardiac breath-variability consistency. The trend of the parameters is investigated on the entire duration of nocturnal sleep. Video-polysomnographic (vPSG) traces of 13 subjects with DOA who have presented at least one usual episode (4 females, 9 males, mean age 23 years, range 15-30) and 13 subjects with at least one complex epileptic episode are analyzed partial (CP) in NREM sleep (4 females, 9 males, mean age 33 years, range 18-55), compared with vPSG recordings of 13 control subjects of the same age and sex. ECG, EEG and breath are extracted from the PSG layout. A CAC study is performed by spectral analysis of signals of cardiac and respiratory variability in wakefulness, in the different phases of sleep and in the 5 minutes before the event, parasomic or epileptic. Only for parasomal subjects the speed of ascent / descent of the power in the delta band of the EEG signal in the first sleep cycle is analyzed and compared with the rate of descent/ascent of the LowFrequency/HighFrequency ratio (LF / HF) in the cardiac variability. An analysis of CAC modification is performed by comparing the latter between epileptic patients and patients with DOA. To carry out the indicated procedures, adhoc software for drawing, displaying, processing and statistical analysis of the parameters of interest are designed, designed and developed. Two SWs based on models implemented in the study for the extraction of the signal from the ECG signal and for the automatic stagnation of sleep are also developed and adopted, used to compensate for the lack of signals necessary for correct analysis. Results For subjects with DOA, in sleep N2 and N3, the values of LF are higher in the controls (p <0.05), this difference also remains in the 5 minutes before the event. Non-statistically significant differences between patients and controls for other spectral parameters and other sleep phases. In patients and controls the minimum of the LF / HF ratio always anticipates the maximum of PD, according to a similar constant in the two groups. For epileptic subjects, in sleep N2, the values of LF and HF are higher in the controls (p <0.05) Conclusion The study demonstrates a reduced sympathic activity in N2 and N3 sleep for patients suffering of DOA and a reduced sympathic activity in N2 for epileptic patients, compared to controls, probably due also to a greater parasympathetic activity. In particular, the analysis on patients suffering from DOA shows that the relationship between delta activity and CAC modification in the first sleep cycle has a similar dynamic in the two populations, with an anticipation by the CAC.
Introduzione Lo studio in questione propone un’analisi clinica, di tipo osservazione caso-controllo, su parametri variabilità cardiaca (HRV), relativi la modificazione fisiologica del controllo cardiovascolare autonomico (CAC) durante sonno notturno. Nonostante il sonno dei pazienti patologici sia stato studiato per aspetti macro e micro strutturali, pochi studi ne hanno indagato la modulazione del sistema nervoso autonomo. Le condizioni patologiche in questione sono le parasonnie e le epilessie. Entrambe le condizioni si manifestano in modi diversi. Lo studio si pone l’obiettivo di indagare, per epilessie e parasonnie, quelle che avvengono durante periodo di sonno notturno NREM, queste ultime chiamate Disturbi dell’Arousal (DOA). Materiali e Metodi L’analisi della modulazione autonomia dell’attività cardiaca viene svolta tramite analisi spettrale del segnale HRV, associando alle componenti Low frequency l’attività della componente simpatica, a quelle High frequency l’attività parasimpatica, il loro rapporto è associato alla bilancia simpato-vagale. Questo tipo di indagine rappresenta un metodo robusto e non invasivo per valutare il funzionamento del ANS: diversi studi ne fanno uso durante la valutazione delle patologie in cui è coinvolta un’alterazione del funzionamento del SNA. I parametri estratti sono quelli di potenza spettrale del segnale HRV in bassa ed alta frequenza, il loro rispettivo rapporto e la coerenza respiro-variabilità cardiaca. L’andamento dei parametri è indagato sull’intera durata di sonno notturno. Sono analizzati tracciati video-polisonnografici (vPSG) di 13 soggetti affetti da DOA che avessero presentato almeno un episodio abituale (4 femmine, 9 maschi, età media 23 anni, range 15-30) e 13 soggetti con almeno un episodio epilettico di tipo complex partial (CP) in sonno NREM (4 femmine, 9 maschi, età media 33 anni, range 18-55), confrontati con registrazioni vPSG di 13 soggetti di controllo di pari età e sesso. Dal tracciato PSG sono estratti ECG, EEG e respiro. Uno studio del CAC è condotto tramite analisi spettrale dei segnali di variabilità cardiaca e respiratoria in veglia, nelle diverse fasi del sonno e nei 5 minuti precedenti l’evento, parasonnico o epilettico. Solo per i soggetti parasonnici è analizzata la velocità di salita/discesa della potenza dell’attività in banda delta del segnale EEG nel primo ciclo di sonno e confrontato con quello di discesa/salita del rapporto LowFrequency/HighFrequency (LF/HF) nel segnale di variabilità cardiaca. Un’analisi sulla modificazione del CAC è condotta confrontando quest’ultimo fra pazienti epilettici e pazienti affetti da DOA. Per lo svolgimento delle procedure indicate sono disegnati, architettati e sviluppati software adhoc per l’estrazione, la visualizzazione, l’elaborazione e l’analisi statistica dei parametri di interesse. Sono anche sviluppati e adottati due SW basati su modelli implementati nello studio per l’estrazione del segnale del respiro da segnale ECG e per la stagnazione automatica del sonno, usati per sopperire alla mancanza di segnali necessari per la corretta analisi. Risultati Per i soggetti con DOA, in sonno N2 e N3, i valori di LF risultano più elevati nei controlli (p<0.05), tale differenza permane anche nei 5 minuti precedenti l’evento. Differenze non statisticamente significative tra pazienti e controlli per gli altri parametri spettrali e nelle altre fasi di sonno. Nei pazienti e nei controlli il minimo del rapporto LF/HF anticipa sempre il massimo della PD, secondo una costante simile nei due gruppi. Per i soggetti epilettici, in sonno N2, i valori di LF e HF risultano più elevati nei controlli (p<0.05) Conclusione Lo studio dimostra attività ortosimpatica maggiormente ridotta in sonno N2 e N3 per i pazienti con DOA e attività ortosimpatica ridotta in fase N2 per i pazienti epilettici, rispetto ai controlli, probabilmente dovuta anche ad una maggiore attività parasimpatica. In particolare, l’analisi sui pazienti con DOA evidenzia che la relazione tra attività delta e modificazione del CAC nel primo ciclo di sonno possiede una dinamica simile nelle due popolazioni, con una anticipazione da parte del CAC.
Modification of autonomic control during sleep in epileptic patients and patients suffering from disorder of the arousal
D'AMICO, SAVERIO;Dell'ERA, MATTEO
2017/2018
Abstract
Introduction The study in question proposes a clinical analysis, such as case-control observation, on cardiac variability (HRV) parameters, related to the physiological modification of cardiovascular autonomic control (CAC) during nocturnal sleep. Despite the sleep of pathological patients has been studied for macro and micro structural aspects, few studies have investigated the modulation of the autonomic nervous system. The pathological conditions in question are parasomnias and epilepsies. Both conditions manifest themselves in different ways. The study aims to investigate, for epilepsies and parasomnias, those occurring during NREM nocturnal sleep period, the latter called the Arousal Disorders (DOA). Materials and Methods The analysis of the modulation of autonomy of the cardiac activity is carried out by spectral analysis of the HRV signal, associating the activity of the sympathetic component to the Low frequency components, the parasympathetic activity with the High frequency, their relationship is associated with the sympatho-vagal balance. This type of investigation is a robust and non-invasive method to evaluate the functioning of the ANS: several studies make use of it during the evaluation of the pathologies in which an alteration of the functioning of the SNA is involved. The extracted parameters are those of spectral power of the HRV signal in low and high frequency, their respective ratio and the cardiac breath-variability consistency. The trend of the parameters is investigated on the entire duration of nocturnal sleep. Video-polysomnographic (vPSG) traces of 13 subjects with DOA who have presented at least one usual episode (4 females, 9 males, mean age 23 years, range 15-30) and 13 subjects with at least one complex epileptic episode are analyzed partial (CP) in NREM sleep (4 females, 9 males, mean age 33 years, range 18-55), compared with vPSG recordings of 13 control subjects of the same age and sex. ECG, EEG and breath are extracted from the PSG layout. A CAC study is performed by spectral analysis of signals of cardiac and respiratory variability in wakefulness, in the different phases of sleep and in the 5 minutes before the event, parasomic or epileptic. Only for parasomal subjects the speed of ascent / descent of the power in the delta band of the EEG signal in the first sleep cycle is analyzed and compared with the rate of descent/ascent of the LowFrequency/HighFrequency ratio (LF / HF) in the cardiac variability. An analysis of CAC modification is performed by comparing the latter between epileptic patients and patients with DOA. To carry out the indicated procedures, adhoc software for drawing, displaying, processing and statistical analysis of the parameters of interest are designed, designed and developed. Two SWs based on models implemented in the study for the extraction of the signal from the ECG signal and for the automatic stagnation of sleep are also developed and adopted, used to compensate for the lack of signals necessary for correct analysis. Results For subjects with DOA, in sleep N2 and N3, the values of LF are higher in the controls (p <0.05), this difference also remains in the 5 minutes before the event. Non-statistically significant differences between patients and controls for other spectral parameters and other sleep phases. In patients and controls the minimum of the LF / HF ratio always anticipates the maximum of PD, according to a similar constant in the two groups. For epileptic subjects, in sleep N2, the values of LF and HF are higher in the controls (p <0.05) Conclusion The study demonstrates a reduced sympathic activity in N2 and N3 sleep for patients suffering of DOA and a reduced sympathic activity in N2 for epileptic patients, compared to controls, probably due also to a greater parasympathetic activity. In particular, the analysis on patients suffering from DOA shows that the relationship between delta activity and CAC modification in the first sleep cycle has a similar dynamic in the two populations, with an anticipation by the CAC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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THESIS_DAMICO_DELLERA.pdf
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THESIS_DAMICO_DELLERA_v2.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/145204