In this thesis project, Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) were functionalized with modified heparins and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) organic shell. The choice of having inorganic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as core of the nanosystem was made with the perspective of having these nanoscale objects working as contrast agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Meanwhile, Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) and the Glycol-Split Unfractionated Heparin (gs-UFH) were employed in the nanosystems in order to have non-anticoagulant glycosaminoglycans. In details, these types of modified heparin were selected as shell of the final adducts due to their anti-metastatic activity strictly connected to their inhibition capability toward the heparanase enzyme, responsible of angiogenesis, and toward the P-selectins, vascular cell adhesion molecules that mediate tumor cell interactions with platelets, leukocytes and the vascular endothelium. In advance, the presence of LMWH and gs-UFH on SPIONs surface could promote an active targeting of the nanosystems toward cancer sites where an overexpression of the heparanase occurs. Additionally, BSA was introduced in the organic shell with the aim of, firstly, making the system more biocompatible reducing metallic nanoparticles toxicity; secondly, to improve the colloidal stability of the nanoparticles. Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) and the Glycol-Split Unfractionated Heparin (gs-UFH) were prepared and covalently conjugated to Dopamine (DA) which enables their subsequent anchoring to the SPIONs. BSA was covalently conjugated to Dopamine (DA), too. SPIONs were loaded by LMWH-DA (gs-UFH-DA) and BSA-DA adducts through a one-pot quite reproducible reaction procedure. Thus, two final nanosystems were obtained: one with the Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA) and the other with Glycol-Split Unfractionated Heparin (Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA). Structural characterizations by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies were properly provided for intermediates and final adducts, depending on their chemical structures. Great attention was dedicated to morphological characterization of Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA. The results revealed quite similar morphologies, enough homogeneity of the inorganic cores distribution inside the organic matrix (TEM) and well-dispersibility in aqueous solvents (DLS). The long term stability of Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA water suspension is crucial for their experimental developments as well as the achievement of nanoscale size is important to have successful interactions with cellular structures and biological tissues. The diagnostic potentiality of Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA is supported by their high relaxivity. Concerning their therapeutic potentiality, the first step is to perform cytotoxicity studies that are currently in progress. Future therapeutic perspectives will also consider the possibility of including in Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA anticancer drug, like Paclitaxel.
In questo lavoro di tesi, nanoparticelle superparamagnetiche di ossido di ferro (SPIONs) sono state funzionalizzate con una shell organica composta da eparina modificata e albumina di siero bovino (BSA). La scelta di utilizzare nanoparticelle inorganiche di magnetite come core del nanosistema è stata effettuata con la prospettiva di impiegare questi oggetti nanometrici come agenti contrastanti nel Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Come eparina modificata, invece, sono state scelte l’eparina a basso peso molecolare (LMWH) e l’eparina non frazionata glycol-split (gs-UFH); questa linea di lavoro è stata scelta per avere glicosamminoglicani non anticoagulanti. Più precisamente, questo tipo di eparine modificate sono state impiegate come shell dei sistemi finali per la loro attività antimetastatica strettamente connessa alla loro capacità di inibizione verso l’enzima eparanasi, responsabile dell’angiogenesi, e verso le P-selectine, famiglia di proteine di adesione che mediano le interazioni delle cellule tumorali con le piastrine, i leucociti e l’endotelio vascolare. La presenza di LMWH e di gs-UFH sulla superficie delle SPIONs può in linea di principio promuovere un targeting attivo dei nanosistemi nei confronti dei siti cancerogeni dove è presente una sovraespressione della eparanasi. Inoltre, nella shell organica è stata introdotta la BSA con lo scopo, in primo luogo, di rendere i sistemi maggiormente biocompatibili riducendo la tossicità delle nanoparticlelle metalliche; in secondo luogo, di migliorare la stabilità colloidale delle nanoparticelle. Sperimentalmente, dopo la ottimizzazione della sintesi di co-precipitazione delle SPIONs, la eparina a basso peso molecolare e la eparina non frazionata glycol-split sono state preparate e sono state covalentemente legate alla dopamina (DA) (LMWH-DA, gs-UFH-DA) che permette il conseguente ancoraggio alle SPIONs. Anche la BSA è stata legata covalentemente alla dopamina (BSA-DA). Successivamente, le SPIONs sono state funzionalizzate con gli addotti LMWH-DA (gs-UFH-DA) e BSA-DA attraverso una reazione one-pot. Due diversi nanosistemi finali sono stati ottenuti: il primo con eparina a basso peso molecolare (Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA) e il secondo con eparina non frazionata glycol-split (Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA). I prodotti intermedi e gli addotti finali sono stati accuratamente analizzati con caratterizzazioni strutturali, NMR e FT-IR. È stata dedicata molta attenzione alla caratterizzazione morfologica di Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA. I risultati hanno rivelato morfologie simili, una discreta omogeneità di distribuzione dei core inorganici all’interno della matrice organica (TEM) e una buona disperdibilità dei nanosistemi in solventi acquosi. La stabilità a lungo termine di Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA e di Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA in sospensioni acquose è un importante requisito per i loro sviluppi sperimentali; allo stesso tempo, la realizzazione di sistemi nanometrici è necessaria per avere interazioni di successo con le strutture cellulari e i tessuti biologici. Il potenziale diagnostico di Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA e di Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA è supportato dalla loro elevata relassività. Riguardo al loro potenziale terapeutico, il primo passo è quello di effettuare test di citotossicità che sono attualmente in svolgimento. Le prospettive terapeutiche future considereranno anche la possibilità di includere farmaci antitumorali, come il Paclitaxel, in Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA.
SPIONs coated with modified heparin and albumin for theranostic applications
MANCINI, LODOVICA
2017/2018
Abstract
In this thesis project, Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) were functionalized with modified heparins and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) organic shell. The choice of having inorganic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as core of the nanosystem was made with the perspective of having these nanoscale objects working as contrast agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Meanwhile, Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) and the Glycol-Split Unfractionated Heparin (gs-UFH) were employed in the nanosystems in order to have non-anticoagulant glycosaminoglycans. In details, these types of modified heparin were selected as shell of the final adducts due to their anti-metastatic activity strictly connected to their inhibition capability toward the heparanase enzyme, responsible of angiogenesis, and toward the P-selectins, vascular cell adhesion molecules that mediate tumor cell interactions with platelets, leukocytes and the vascular endothelium. In advance, the presence of LMWH and gs-UFH on SPIONs surface could promote an active targeting of the nanosystems toward cancer sites where an overexpression of the heparanase occurs. Additionally, BSA was introduced in the organic shell with the aim of, firstly, making the system more biocompatible reducing metallic nanoparticles toxicity; secondly, to improve the colloidal stability of the nanoparticles. Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) and the Glycol-Split Unfractionated Heparin (gs-UFH) were prepared and covalently conjugated to Dopamine (DA) which enables their subsequent anchoring to the SPIONs. BSA was covalently conjugated to Dopamine (DA), too. SPIONs were loaded by LMWH-DA (gs-UFH-DA) and BSA-DA adducts through a one-pot quite reproducible reaction procedure. Thus, two final nanosystems were obtained: one with the Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA) and the other with Glycol-Split Unfractionated Heparin (Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA). Structural characterizations by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies were properly provided for intermediates and final adducts, depending on their chemical structures. Great attention was dedicated to morphological characterization of Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA. The results revealed quite similar morphologies, enough homogeneity of the inorganic cores distribution inside the organic matrix (TEM) and well-dispersibility in aqueous solvents (DLS). The long term stability of Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA water suspension is crucial for their experimental developments as well as the achievement of nanoscale size is important to have successful interactions with cellular structures and biological tissues. The diagnostic potentiality of Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA is supported by their high relaxivity. Concerning their therapeutic potentiality, the first step is to perform cytotoxicity studies that are currently in progress. Future therapeutic perspectives will also consider the possibility of including in Fe3O4@LMWH-DA/BSA-DA and Fe3O4@gs-UFH-DA/BSA-DA anticancer drug, like Paclitaxel.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/145286