A techno-Economical Analysis (TEA) is the starting point to determine the feasibility of a process. Applied to Biomass to Product (BTP) conversion processes, it is a decisive tool to analyze and to acquire all the parameters and constraints that have a relevant effect. This Master thesis focuses on 5 main structured approaches: The identification of the problem, where it was found that the challenge for the long-term is to determine how optimal and efficient commercial conversion technologies of BTP, can be capable of being competitive with non-Renewable Energy Sources (nRES) while developing a balance between resources and products through a cost-efficient, socially accepted and sustainable model; An overview of the biomass current situation inside the defined scope, where Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom(UK) and Colombia were studied. As it was observed, in Europe, diverse approaches and strategies regarding bioenergy, where the constantly-adapting and mostly politically-oriented policies have the common goal of incentivizing RES technologies. Additionally, it was also observed an early approach, as presented in Colombia, where the policies are still at a very early stage. And, by following the correct learning curve, well-developed incentive mechanism could be implemented; The definition of the feedstock used in the analysis, where Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), sewage sludge, macroalgae residues and woody residual biomass availability, potentials and feedstock characterization were studied. Additionally, possible BTP options for final feedstock were presented; An investigation of the current state of the art (technology assessment) of some of the Thermochemical BTP conversion technologies, where a technology analysis was applied to consider strengths and weakness of commercial technologies, based on the studied feedstock. A set of different criteria were used to evaluate the technologies; And finally, the technical and subsequent economic analyses that had the objective of providing the initial parameters used in the concluding part of the work, which is the case scenario analysis. For the final approach, it was decided that the most promising feedstock was OFMSW. In the technical assessment, the Thermocatalytic Reforming (TCR) technology was chosen to be studied by using the available resources, allowing to identify the main products in the industrial, transport, power and heat, and other applications. By identifying the main products, and by following the directives of the International Energy Agency (IEA), 3 different scenarios (Current Policy Scenario (CPS), New Policy Scenario (NPS) and 450 Scenario (450S)) were developed to obtain all the products levelized revenues (LR). Additionally, low, average and maximum range of prices were considered. For the last part, 15 different study cases were analyzed under each scenario, allowing to individuate possible business cases. For each scenario, four cases (cases 1, 8, 10 and 12) were found as the highest profitable. This, by using the Levelized Profit (LP) as an indicator out of the Levelized Cost (LC) and the LR of the products. For case 8, under CPS and minimum prices, the intermediate products char, bio-oil and syngas, LC were 14.7571 €/GJ, 0.1739 €/GJ and 6.3081€/GJ, respectively. Additionally, the final products upgraded bio-oil and H2 were found to have a LC of 4.9282 €/GJ and 6.3795 €/GJ, respectively. Figure a, illustrates the LC for cases 1,8, 10 and 12 for intermediate and final products. In Cases 10 and 12, the LC of Electricity (LCOE), under CPS and minimum prices, was 0.0687 €/kWh and 0.0522 €/kWh, respectively. As an additional study, sensitivity analyses were performed on cases 10 and 12 under all prices ranges. It was observed that the LR at which products can be sold, is the real milestone of the analysis because it is the one that decides the final profit that a product can provide. This “decentralization” of incentives and Gate fee gives a very interesting perspective, as the alternative for subsidies and focusing on markets themselves. For further financial analysis, the values obtained in this thesis, can be ideal indicators to simulate the economical behavior of the products under different conditions and parameters. This is going to be left as part of a future research on this, allowing deeper feasibility studies of the subject.
Il punto di partenza per determinare la fattibilità di un processo è condurre un'analisi tecno-economica (TEA) la quale, applicata ai processi di conversione da Biomassa a Prodotto (BTP), ci permette di analizzare e acquisire tutti i parametri e vincoli che hanno un effetto rilevante nella ricerca. Questa tesi di Master si concentra su 5 principali approcci strutturati; Si è partiti dall’identificazione del problema, constatando che la sfida a lungo termine è determinare come le tecnologie di conversione commerciale ottimali ed efficienti del BTP possano essere in grado di essere competitive con Fonti di energia non rinnovabile (nRES), sviluppando contestualmente un equilibrio tra risorse e prodotti attraverso un modello economicamente efficiente, socialmente accettato e sostenibile. Nel capitolo successivo è stata descritta la panoramica della situazione attuale della biomassa all'interno dello scopo definito, in cui sono stati studiati Germania, Italia, Regno Unito e Colombia. Nello specifico, è stato osservato che in Europa vi sono diversi approcci e strategie riguardanti la bioenergia che hanno l'obiettivo comune di incentivare le tecnologie FER grazie anche al supporto di politiche costantemente adattanti e politicamente orientate. Dal lato opposto, è stato anche descritto un approccio recente, come quello presente in Colombia, dove le politiche sono ancora in una fase molto precoce. Nonostante ciò, si è però constatato che, seguendo la corretta curva di apprendimento, nel territorio colombiano potrebbe essere implementato un meccanismo di incentivi ben sviluppato. Nel corso dell’indagine, è stata studiata la definizione della materia prima utilizzata nell'analisi, dove sono stati analizzati vari elementi tra cui la frazione organica dei rifiuti solidi urbani (OFMSW), i fanghi di depurazione, i residui di macroalghe e la disponibilità di biomassa residua legnosa, i potenziali e la caratterizzazione delle materie prime. Inoltre, sono state presentate le possibili opzioni BTP per le materie prime finali. Successivamente, è stata svolta un'indagine sullo stato attuale di alcune delle tecnologie di conversione BTP termochimiche, condotta attraverso un'analisi tecnologica per considerare i punti di forza e di debolezza delle tecnologie commerciali, basate sulle materie prime studiate. Per fare ciò, sono stati utilizzati una serie di criteri diversi per valutare le tecnologie. Nella parte finale del lavoro, viene presentato un case study nel quale vengono realmente condotte le analisi tecniche e economiche ampiamente descritte nei primi capitoli di questa ricerca. Attraverso questo studio si è deciso che il feedstock più promettente è il OFMSW. Nella valutazione tecnica, la tecnologia di Thermocatalytic Reforming (TCR) è stata scelta per essere studiata utilizzando le risorse disponibili, consentendo di identificare i principali prodotti nel settore industriale, dei trasporti, dell'energia e del calore e altre applicazioni. Identificando i principali prodotti e seguendo le direttive dell'International Energy Agency (IEA), sono stati sviluppati 3 diversi scenari (Current Policy Scenario (CPS), New Policy Scenario (NPS) e 450 Scenario (450S) per ottenere tutto il reddito levellato (LR). Inoltre, sono stati considerati i range di prezzi bassi, medi e massimi. Per l'ultima parte, si è deciso di analizzare 15 diversi casi di studio in ogni scenario, consentendo di individuare possibili casi aziendali. Per ogni scenario, solo quattro tra i quindici casi studiati (casi 1, 8, 10 e 12) sono risultati più redditizi. Ciò, utilizzando il profitto livellato (LP) come indicatore del costo livellato (LC) e del LR dei prodotti. Per il caso 8, sotto CPS e prezzi minimi, i prodotti intermedi char, bio-oliol e syngas, LC erano 14.7571 € / GJ, 0.1739 € / GJ e 6.3081 € / GJ, rispettivamente. Inoltre, i prodotti finali aggiornati con bio-olio e H2 hanno trovato un LC di 4.9282 € / GJ e 6.3795 € / GJ, rispettivamente. La figura A illustra la LC per i casi 1,8, 10 e 12 per i prodotti intermedi e finali. Nei casi 10 e 12, il LC of Electricity (LCOE), in base al CPS e ai prezzi minimi, era rispettivamente di 0,0687 € / kWh e 0,0522 € / kWh. Come studio aggiuntivo, sono state eseguite analisi di sensitività sui casi 10 e 12 in tutte le fasce di prezzo. È stato osservato che la LR alla quale i prodotti possono essere venduti è la vera pietra miliare dell'analisi perché è quella che decide il profitto finale che un prodotto può fornire. Questo "decentramento" degli incentivi e della commissione di gate dà una prospettiva molto interessante, come alternativa ai sussidi e concentrandosi sui mercati stessi. Per ulteriori analisi finanziarie, i valori ottenuti in questa tesi possono essere indicatori ideali per simulare il comportamento economico dei prodotti in condizioni e parametri diversi. Questo studio sarà lasciato come parte di una ricerca futura sul tema, permettendo studi di fattibilità più approfonditi sull'argomento.
Techno-economic assessment of conversion processes for biomass to products (BTP)
AVELLA ESCANDON, SEBASTIAN ALBERTO
2017/2018
Abstract
A techno-Economical Analysis (TEA) is the starting point to determine the feasibility of a process. Applied to Biomass to Product (BTP) conversion processes, it is a decisive tool to analyze and to acquire all the parameters and constraints that have a relevant effect. This Master thesis focuses on 5 main structured approaches: The identification of the problem, where it was found that the challenge for the long-term is to determine how optimal and efficient commercial conversion technologies of BTP, can be capable of being competitive with non-Renewable Energy Sources (nRES) while developing a balance between resources and products through a cost-efficient, socially accepted and sustainable model; An overview of the biomass current situation inside the defined scope, where Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom(UK) and Colombia were studied. As it was observed, in Europe, diverse approaches and strategies regarding bioenergy, where the constantly-adapting and mostly politically-oriented policies have the common goal of incentivizing RES technologies. Additionally, it was also observed an early approach, as presented in Colombia, where the policies are still at a very early stage. And, by following the correct learning curve, well-developed incentive mechanism could be implemented; The definition of the feedstock used in the analysis, where Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), sewage sludge, macroalgae residues and woody residual biomass availability, potentials and feedstock characterization were studied. Additionally, possible BTP options for final feedstock were presented; An investigation of the current state of the art (technology assessment) of some of the Thermochemical BTP conversion technologies, where a technology analysis was applied to consider strengths and weakness of commercial technologies, based on the studied feedstock. A set of different criteria were used to evaluate the technologies; And finally, the technical and subsequent economic analyses that had the objective of providing the initial parameters used in the concluding part of the work, which is the case scenario analysis. For the final approach, it was decided that the most promising feedstock was OFMSW. In the technical assessment, the Thermocatalytic Reforming (TCR) technology was chosen to be studied by using the available resources, allowing to identify the main products in the industrial, transport, power and heat, and other applications. By identifying the main products, and by following the directives of the International Energy Agency (IEA), 3 different scenarios (Current Policy Scenario (CPS), New Policy Scenario (NPS) and 450 Scenario (450S)) were developed to obtain all the products levelized revenues (LR). Additionally, low, average and maximum range of prices were considered. For the last part, 15 different study cases were analyzed under each scenario, allowing to individuate possible business cases. For each scenario, four cases (cases 1, 8, 10 and 12) were found as the highest profitable. This, by using the Levelized Profit (LP) as an indicator out of the Levelized Cost (LC) and the LR of the products. For case 8, under CPS and minimum prices, the intermediate products char, bio-oil and syngas, LC were 14.7571 €/GJ, 0.1739 €/GJ and 6.3081€/GJ, respectively. Additionally, the final products upgraded bio-oil and H2 were found to have a LC of 4.9282 €/GJ and 6.3795 €/GJ, respectively. Figure a, illustrates the LC for cases 1,8, 10 and 12 for intermediate and final products. In Cases 10 and 12, the LC of Electricity (LCOE), under CPS and minimum prices, was 0.0687 €/kWh and 0.0522 €/kWh, respectively. As an additional study, sensitivity analyses were performed on cases 10 and 12 under all prices ranges. It was observed that the LR at which products can be sold, is the real milestone of the analysis because it is the one that decides the final profit that a product can provide. This “decentralization” of incentives and Gate fee gives a very interesting perspective, as the alternative for subsidies and focusing on markets themselves. For further financial analysis, the values obtained in this thesis, can be ideal indicators to simulate the economical behavior of the products under different conditions and parameters. This is going to be left as part of a future research on this, allowing deeper feasibility studies of the subject.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Techno-Economic Assessment of Conversion Processes for Biomass to Products (BTP)
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146001