In the last three decades, diagnostic imaging techniques have acquired the role of essential instrument to define the patient’s proper therapeutic path, due to their frequent and systematic use. On the contrary, this practice has arisen a significant increase in medical ionizing radiation exposure that today represents almost half of the total population exposure. In the next future, according to prospective studies, almost 1-2% of new cancer cases will be radio-induced and ascribed to TC exams. The scientific communities’ growing concern for an inappropriate or not optimized use of medical procedures with ionizing radiations induced the Council of the European Union to lay down more stringent safety standards for population and workers’ protection against dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation with the issue of the European Directive 59/2013/EURATOM. As described above, the need of intensifying and automatizing the systematic and consistent collection of exposure dose data has increased in diagnostic imaging centres since today it is achieved through a long manual collection work of data contained in dose reports archived in the PACS. In the last few years, different commercial software solutions named DACS (Dose Archiving and Communication System) have been introduced in the market and they are able to automatically collect, archive and analyse radiation dose indexes provided by the modality, technical parameters related to the single radiological exam and patient’s personal data. The possibility of having such a volume of big data avaible on a single informatic solution permits to act on the utilized protocols consciously as well as to guarantee an immediate investigation of information, in order to standardize and optimize diagnostic procedures in terms of both delivered dose and clinical evidence of the diagnostic images obtained, according to ALARA principle. The purpose of my thesis work has been to lead and manage the entire process of selection and purchase of a DACS, suitable to fully satisfy the future users’ necessities and able to best integrate into the physical and IT structure of a highly complex hospital facility as Gruppo Villa Maria. The preliminary phase, for a proper evaluation of the three examined solutions, has been fundamental in order to assure a global comprehension of the system’s impact on GVM organization and to allow an active approach of mutual exchange with the involved Players. After the definition of a multidisciplinary group composed of two Information Technology representatives, two exponents of Clinical Engineering Department and members of the radiological field (Medical Physics, Medical radiologist, Radiology Technician), an in-depth analysis of the Group’s needs has been carried out, hence the will of adopting a system that did not only comply with European Directive requests but that could enhance the transparency and quality of the performed health care services in order to achieve the clinical excellence and to optimize the radiological procedures, that are essential to keep the Group ahead of its field. The last activity performed during this preliminary phase has been concerned with the definition of the health care structures and technical equipment to be included in this project and it ended with the selection of 66 digital devices placed in 22 hospital units. We have selected four categories of medical devices, Computed Tomography, digital angiographic and interventional radiology equipment, mammography and Digital Radiology (DR), since Italy is part of a group of nine Countries that have not adopted the Directive yet, therefore it is not clear for which devices the indication of the medical exposure received by the patient will have to be included in the medical report. After the preliminary phase, the relationships with three world leading companies in the development and marketing of DACS solutions have been undertaken and meetings with each supplier have been organized in order to understand and deepen the features of their proposals with concern to Group’s needs satisfaction. Besides a mutual and constant exchange with the suppliers, I decided to visit three hospital facilities that already use the systems under evaluation, to know users’ point of view about both usability and peculiarities of their solutions, and potential critical issues or limitations faced during installation process. The evaluation phase is based on three key aspects for a thought-out final choice: • Integration capacity with IT systems • Functionality • Cost related to purchase and post-sales assistance As a conclusion of this in-depth analysis, one of the three systems has been evaluated as a basic solution with reduced computing power that does not satisfied Team’s expectation in terms of supported imaging modalities and future prospective for the improvement of clinical practice, even if it shows a good integration with the RIS/PACS systems for the recovery of all dose information and the best cost and organizational impact. The two other products both show several functionalities for the computation and the support in standardization and optimization processes in the radiological environment. One of them, however, presents relevant deficiencies in terms of integration with the existing information systems. In addition to this last point, the investing cost seems to be too high and not justified, since it is 28% greater than the other one. To sum up, the chosen system reflects all the technical and clinical requirements considered as essential by the multidisciplinary group and an acceptable financial commitment; as an add on point the provider is the only one to guarantee the definition of a dedicated team of specialists for supporting the identified Dose Team inside the GVM during the project’s kick-off. This mentorship program aims to look deep into the advanced features of the system, the comprehension and the evaluation of stored data to allow their translation into new work patterns.
Il ricorso sempre più frequente e sistematico alle tecniche di diagnostica per immagini registrato negli ultimi tre decenni, ha determinato che queste abbiano assunto il ruolo di strumento indispensabile per definire il corretto percorso terapeutico dei pazienti. Di contro, questa situazione ha provocato un significativo aumento dell’esposizione a radiazioni ionizzanti da uso medico, che oggi rappresenta circa la metà dell’esposizione totale a cui la popolazione è soggetta. Gli studi prospettici prevedono che, nel prossimo futuro, almeno l’1-2% dei casi di tumori saranno radio-indotti e attribuibili alla TC. La crescente preoccupazione delle comunità scientifiche per un uso a volte improprio o non ottimizzato delle procedure che prevedono l’impiego di radiazioni ionizzanti ha spinto il Consiglio della Comunità Europea a stabilire norme di sicurezza più stringenti in termini di Radioprotezione della popolazione e dei lavoratori, con l’emanazione della Direttiva 59/2013/EURATOM. In ragione di quanto descritto, nei centri di diagnostica per immagini è sempre più crescente la necessità di intensificare ed automatizzare le attività di sistematica e costante raccolta dei dati dosimetrici di esposizione, ma ancora oggi molto spesso eseguite attraverso un lungo lavoro di raccolta manuale dei dati contenuti nei report dosimetrici presenti nei singoli pacchetti archiviati nel PACS. Negli ultimi anni sono state introdotte sul mercato diverse soluzioni software commerciali denominati DACS (Dose Archiving and Communication System), in grado di collezionare, archiviare e analizzare automaticamente gli indici di dose di radiazione (IDR) registrati dall’apparecchiatura, i parametri tecnici associati al singolo esame radiologico e i dati anagrafici del paziente. La possibilità di disporre in un’unica soluzione informatica di tali volumi di big data, oltre che garantirne un’immediata interrogazione, permette di agire consapevolmente sui protocolli utilizzati, al fine di standardizzare ed ottimizzare le procedure diagnostiche, in termini sia di dose erogata, sia di significatività clinica delle immagini prodotte secondo il principio ALARA. L’obiettivo del mio lavoro di tesi è stato quello di guidare e gestire l’intero processo di scelta ed acquisizione di un DACS, adeguato a soddisfare pienamente le necessità dei futuri utilizzatori e capace di integrarsi al meglio nella struttura fisica ed informatica di un’azienda ospedaliera ad elevata complessità come quella del Gruppo Villa Maria. La fase preliminare alla valutazione vera e propria delle tre soluzioni investigate è stata determinante per assicurare una totale comprensione dell’impatto del sistema sulla realtà GVM e permettere un approccio attivo e di costante confronto coi Players coinvolti. Ad avvenuta definizione di un gruppo di lavoro multidisciplinare composto da due rappresentanti dei Sistemi Informativi, due rappresentanti del Servizio di ingegneria clinica e dalle figure afferenti alla pratica radiodiagnostica (Fisico Medico, Medico radiologo e tecnico di radiologia), si è proceduto con una precisa analisi dei bisogni del Gruppo dalla quale è emersa chiaramente la volontà di dotarsi di un Sistema che non rispondesse esclusivamente alle richieste della Direttiva Europea ma che fosse in grado, nel presente e nel futuro, di aumentare la trasparenza e la qualità delle prestazioni sanitarie erogate per il raggiungimento di un livello di eccellenza clinica e di ottimizzazione delle procedure, fondamentali per mantenere il Gruppo GVM all’avanguardia nel proprio settore. L’ultima attività svolta in questa fase propedeutica ha riguardato la scelta delle strutture ospedaliere e del parco macchine da includere nel progetto che si è conclusa con l’identificazione di 66 modalità digitali installate in 22 presidi. Dal momento che l’Italia rientra nei nove Paesi nei quali è ancora in essere il recepimento della Direttiva e pertanto non vi è certezza per quali apparecchiature dovrà essere riportata l’indicazione dell’esposizione ricevuta dal paziente nel referto radiologico, le quattro tipologie scelte sono state le TC, le apparecchiature per angiografia e radiologia interventistica, i mammografi e i dispositivi per la radiologia digitale diretta (DR). Conclusa la fase propedeutica sono stati avviati i contatti con tre aziende leader mondiali nello sviluppo e nella commercializzazione di soluzioni DACS e con ogni singolo interlocutore sono stati organizzati incontri finalizzati alla comprensione e all’approfondimento delle peculiarità delle proposte in relazione alla soddisfazione dei bisogni del Gruppo. Oltre un continuo e reciproco confronto con i fornitori, ho deciso di visitare tre strutture ospedaliere già in possesso dei sistemi in valutazione, per conoscere il punto di vista degli utilizzatori per quanto riguarda sia la facilità d’uso e le specificità dei prodotti adottati, sia le eventuali criticità o limitazioni incontrate durante il processo di installazione. La fase di valutazione si è basata sui tre aspetti considerati chiave e distintivi per giungere la scelta finale: • Capacità di integrazione con i sistemi informativi aziendali. • Funzionalità. • Costi relativi all’acquisizione e all’assistenza post-vendita. A conclusione di questa approfondita analisi, uno dei tre sistemi è risultato una soluzione essenziale con limitate capacità computazionali e, sebbene garantisca una buona integrazione con i sistemi RIS/PACS per il recupero delle informazioni dosimetriche e abbia il minore impatto sia in termini economici sia in termini organizzativi, non ha soddisfatto le aspettative del Team in termini di modalità supportate e di strumento gestionale completo in grado di fornire nel tempo un miglioramento complessivo della pratica clinica. Gli altri due prodotti analizzati presentano entrambi un’ampia gamma di funzionalità di calcolo e di supporto ai processi di standardizzazione e ottimizzazione dei protocolli radiologici, ma su uno dei due abbiamo rilevato importanti lacune dal punto di vista architettonico e un costo dell’investimento economico del tutto ingiustificato in quanto superiore di circa il 28% rispetto all’altra offerta. In definitiva, il sistema scelto, oltre che rispettare tutti i requisiti tecnico-implementativi e clinici richiesti dal gruppo di lavoro e non secondario un adeguato impatto sul budget di spesa, è l’unico ad aver messo a disposizione del nostro Gruppo, per l’avvio del progetto, un team dedicato di esperti che supporteranno i professionisti identificati all’interno delle strutture GVM nell’esplorazione delle funzioni avanzate, nelle fasi di analisi, comprensione e valutazione dei dati archiviati e nella loro traduzione in nuovi modelli di lavoro.
Analisi comparativa e progettuale di soluzioni DACS (Dose Archiving and Communication System) per il monitoraggio delle esposizioni mediche alle radiazioni ionizzanti
VESPIGNANI, ENRICO
2017/2018
Abstract
In the last three decades, diagnostic imaging techniques have acquired the role of essential instrument to define the patient’s proper therapeutic path, due to their frequent and systematic use. On the contrary, this practice has arisen a significant increase in medical ionizing radiation exposure that today represents almost half of the total population exposure. In the next future, according to prospective studies, almost 1-2% of new cancer cases will be radio-induced and ascribed to TC exams. The scientific communities’ growing concern for an inappropriate or not optimized use of medical procedures with ionizing radiations induced the Council of the European Union to lay down more stringent safety standards for population and workers’ protection against dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation with the issue of the European Directive 59/2013/EURATOM. As described above, the need of intensifying and automatizing the systematic and consistent collection of exposure dose data has increased in diagnostic imaging centres since today it is achieved through a long manual collection work of data contained in dose reports archived in the PACS. In the last few years, different commercial software solutions named DACS (Dose Archiving and Communication System) have been introduced in the market and they are able to automatically collect, archive and analyse radiation dose indexes provided by the modality, technical parameters related to the single radiological exam and patient’s personal data. The possibility of having such a volume of big data avaible on a single informatic solution permits to act on the utilized protocols consciously as well as to guarantee an immediate investigation of information, in order to standardize and optimize diagnostic procedures in terms of both delivered dose and clinical evidence of the diagnostic images obtained, according to ALARA principle. The purpose of my thesis work has been to lead and manage the entire process of selection and purchase of a DACS, suitable to fully satisfy the future users’ necessities and able to best integrate into the physical and IT structure of a highly complex hospital facility as Gruppo Villa Maria. The preliminary phase, for a proper evaluation of the three examined solutions, has been fundamental in order to assure a global comprehension of the system’s impact on GVM organization and to allow an active approach of mutual exchange with the involved Players. After the definition of a multidisciplinary group composed of two Information Technology representatives, two exponents of Clinical Engineering Department and members of the radiological field (Medical Physics, Medical radiologist, Radiology Technician), an in-depth analysis of the Group’s needs has been carried out, hence the will of adopting a system that did not only comply with European Directive requests but that could enhance the transparency and quality of the performed health care services in order to achieve the clinical excellence and to optimize the radiological procedures, that are essential to keep the Group ahead of its field. The last activity performed during this preliminary phase has been concerned with the definition of the health care structures and technical equipment to be included in this project and it ended with the selection of 66 digital devices placed in 22 hospital units. We have selected four categories of medical devices, Computed Tomography, digital angiographic and interventional radiology equipment, mammography and Digital Radiology (DR), since Italy is part of a group of nine Countries that have not adopted the Directive yet, therefore it is not clear for which devices the indication of the medical exposure received by the patient will have to be included in the medical report. After the preliminary phase, the relationships with three world leading companies in the development and marketing of DACS solutions have been undertaken and meetings with each supplier have been organized in order to understand and deepen the features of their proposals with concern to Group’s needs satisfaction. Besides a mutual and constant exchange with the suppliers, I decided to visit three hospital facilities that already use the systems under evaluation, to know users’ point of view about both usability and peculiarities of their solutions, and potential critical issues or limitations faced during installation process. The evaluation phase is based on three key aspects for a thought-out final choice: • Integration capacity with IT systems • Functionality • Cost related to purchase and post-sales assistance As a conclusion of this in-depth analysis, one of the three systems has been evaluated as a basic solution with reduced computing power that does not satisfied Team’s expectation in terms of supported imaging modalities and future prospective for the improvement of clinical practice, even if it shows a good integration with the RIS/PACS systems for the recovery of all dose information and the best cost and organizational impact. The two other products both show several functionalities for the computation and the support in standardization and optimization processes in the radiological environment. One of them, however, presents relevant deficiencies in terms of integration with the existing information systems. In addition to this last point, the investing cost seems to be too high and not justified, since it is 28% greater than the other one. To sum up, the chosen system reflects all the technical and clinical requirements considered as essential by the multidisciplinary group and an acceptable financial commitment; as an add on point the provider is the only one to guarantee the definition of a dedicated team of specialists for supporting the identified Dose Team inside the GVM during the project’s kick-off. This mentorship program aims to look deep into the advanced features of the system, the comprehension and the evaluation of stored data to allow their translation into new work patterns.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146121