Electric vehicles are becoming more and more common also in Formula SAE competition, in which much different car concepts can be seen. This thesis work aims to compare the dynamic performance of different vehicle layouts, that can be used to design an actual electric prototype that will race in the next years. Differences between RWD and 4WD architectures, as well as between in-wheel motors and motors placed on board the vehicle, are highlighted. Suitable powertrains are chosen on the basis of competition requirements and data from previous race events, and then the most interesting layouts are defined, presenting their main characteristics. Car longitudinal, lateral and vertical dynamics is evaluated by means of different models, from simple ones to a complete multibody model of the vehicle, that has been developed in Simulink/Simscape environment. Some simulations are carried out based on competition events and common vehicle dynamics tests, from which results are collected and critically analysed. They show that 4WD layouts perform better than RWD in both straight line acceleration and cornering maneuvers, thanks to their higher traction capability and their better loads and torque distribution among the wheels. In-wheel motors are more efficient and allow to save weight for transmission system and driveshafts, but on the other hand, they are penalised by the increase of unsprung mass. Some weighting functions are thus proposed in order to put together the numerical results from different simulations, and to help choose the best layout through an objective evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of each vehicle configuration.
I veicoli elettrici si stanno sempre più diffondendo anche nella Formula SAE, dove è possibile trovare concetti di vettura molto diversi tra loro. Questo lavoro di tesi intende confrontare le prestazioni dinamiche di diversi layout del veicolo, che siano adatti per un prototipo elettrico che verrà realizzato per gareggiare nei anni. Vengono evidenziate le differenze tra architetture RWD e 4WD, così come tra configurazioni con motori “in-wheel” e con motori a bordo vettura. I propulsori più adatti sono scelti sulla base dei requisiti della competizione e dei dati ricavati da gare precedenti, mentre in seguito vengono definiti i layout più interessanti, presentando le loro principali caratteristiche. La dinamica longitudinale, laterale e verticale della vettura viene valutata per mezzo di diversi modelli, dai più semplici fino ad un completo modello multibody del veicolo che è stato sviluppato in ambiente Simulink/Simscape. Grazie a questo vengono eseguite alcune simulazioni basate sulle gare della competizione e su classici test dinamici, da cui sono ricavati i risultati che sono sottoposti ad un’analisi critica. Questi mostrano che le configurazioni 4WD hanno migliori performance sia nell’accelerazione in rettilineo che nella guida in curva, grazie alla maggiore capacità di trazione a alla più uniforme ripartizione dei carichi e della coppia sulle ruote. I motori “in-wheel” offrono una maggiore efficienza e permettono di risparmiare peso su trasmissione e semi-alberi, ma dall’altra parte sono penalizzati dall’aumento delle masse non sospese. Vengono quindi proposte delle funzioni matematiche per raggruppare i risultati numerici ottenuti dalle simulazioni e aiutare nella scelta del layout migliore tramite una valutazione obiettiva dei vantaggi e svantaggi di ogni configurazione del veicolo.
Numerical analysis of the dynamics of a Formula SAE electric car : comparison of different vehicle layouts
PESENTI, LORENZO
2017/2018
Abstract
Electric vehicles are becoming more and more common also in Formula SAE competition, in which much different car concepts can be seen. This thesis work aims to compare the dynamic performance of different vehicle layouts, that can be used to design an actual electric prototype that will race in the next years. Differences between RWD and 4WD architectures, as well as between in-wheel motors and motors placed on board the vehicle, are highlighted. Suitable powertrains are chosen on the basis of competition requirements and data from previous race events, and then the most interesting layouts are defined, presenting their main characteristics. Car longitudinal, lateral and vertical dynamics is evaluated by means of different models, from simple ones to a complete multibody model of the vehicle, that has been developed in Simulink/Simscape environment. Some simulations are carried out based on competition events and common vehicle dynamics tests, from which results are collected and critically analysed. They show that 4WD layouts perform better than RWD in both straight line acceleration and cornering maneuvers, thanks to their higher traction capability and their better loads and torque distribution among the wheels. In-wheel motors are more efficient and allow to save weight for transmission system and driveshafts, but on the other hand, they are penalised by the increase of unsprung mass. Some weighting functions are thus proposed in order to put together the numerical results from different simulations, and to help choose the best layout through an objective evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of each vehicle configuration.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2019_04_Pesenti.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146188