Air pollution is a primary environmental and social issue, affecting public health and ecosystems. the second most important pollutant in terms of health impact is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) especially in urban areas; the World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) estimates that, in 41 European countries, exposures to NO2 were responsible of around 78000 premature deaths per year in 2016. The limit values for NO2 concentration are 40 μg/m3 calculated as annual average, and 200 μg/m3 calculated as hourly average. In 2015, 22 member states of the EU-28 recorded concentrations above the annual limit, as well as other European countries (Norway, Switzerland among others) out of the EU-28, mostly at traffic sites. A critical point for NO2 was the "Dieselgate" scandal, when, in September 2015, the American Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) demonstrated that many Volkswagen vehicles that were sold to America had a "device" to activate emission controls only during the emission testing of the laboratory and not during the actual circulation; this lead to a raising awareness about NOx emissions from diesel vehicles. Therefore technological and non-technological measures have been implemented in order to improve air quality in the European cities in the short-term (after-treatment technologies, LEZ, city tolls etc.). In this Master thesis we assess NO2 data variability in Barcelona, at background and street level, the representativeness of the official monitoring station network, the impact of background, street geometry, wind direction and speed component parallel to the road and the impact of local vehicular fleet on NO2 concentration and the goal is to create a model in order to obtain NO2 concentration, starting from the aforementioned parameters. We obtained the highest NO2 concentrations in the Eixample Izquierdo, El Raval, Barri Gotico while the concentrations decrease in the neighbourhoods Sants, Les Corts, Pedralbes, Vila Olimpica and in the surroundings of the Meridiana. 54% of traffic sites in Barcelona recorded NO2 concentrations above the highest concentration recorded at the traffic stations of the XVPCA; this percentage decrease to 47% for the urban background sites. Two complementary model were developed. Model 1 utilizes street geometry, wind velocity, traffic volume and background concentration as predictor variables and showed r2 =0.39 with 1.43 slope; Model 2 utilizes the disaggregated vehicular fleet and the background concentration as predictor variables, achieving relevant correlation, r2=0.73 with 1.06 slope.
L'inquinamento atmosferico è una questione ambientale e sociale primaria, che influenza la salute pubblica e gli ecosistemi. il secondo inquinante più importante in termini di impatto sulla salute è il biossido di azoto (NO2), soprattutto nelle aree urbane; la World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) ha stimato che, in 41 paesi europei, l'esposizione a NO2 è responsabile di circa 78000 morti premature nel 2016. I valori limite per la concentrazione di NO2 sono 40 μg/m3, calcolati come media annua, e 200 μg/m3, calcolati come media oraria. Nel 2015, 22 Stati membri dell'UE-28 hanno registrato concentrazioni superiori al limite annuale, così come altri paesi europei (Norvegia, Svizzera e altri) al di fuori dell'UE-28, soprattutto nei siti di traffico. Un punto critico per l'NO2 è stato lo scandalo "Dieselgate", quando, nel settembre 2015, l'American Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) ha dimostrato che molti veicoli Volkswagen venduti in America avevano un "dispositivo" per attivare i controlli delle emissioni solo durante le prove di emissione in laboratorio e non durante l'effettiva circolazione su strada; ciò ha portato ad una maggiore consapevolezza sulle emissioni di NOx dei veicoli diesel. Pertanto, sono state implementate misure tecnologiche e non tecnologiche per migliorare la qualità dell'aria nelle città europee nel breve termine (tecnologie di post-trattamento, LEZ, pedaggi urbani, ecc.). In questa tesi di laurea si valuta la variabilità dei dati di NO2 a Barcellona, a livello di fondo e stradale, la rappresentatività della rete ufficiale di stazioni di monitoraggio, l'impatto delle concentrazioni di fondo, la geometria stradale, la direzione del vento e la componente di velocità parallela alla strada e l'impatto della flotta veicolare locale sulla concentrazione di NO2, con l'obiettivo di creare un modello al fine di ottenere la concentrazione di NO2, a partire dai suddetti parametri. Abbiamo ottenuto le più alte concentrazioni di NO2 nell'Eixample Izquierdo, El Raval, Barri Gotico mentre le concentrazioni diminuiscono nei quartieri Sants, Les Corts, Pedralbes, Vila Olimpica e nei dintorni della Meridiana. Il 54% dei siti di traffico di Barcellona ha registrato concentrazioni di NO2 superiori alla concentrazione più alta registrata nelle stazioni di traffico del XVPCA; questa percentuale scende al 47% per i siti di fondo urbano. Sono stati sviluppati due modelli complementari. Il modello 1 utilizza come variabili predittive la geometria della strada, la velocità del vento, il volume di traffico e la concentrazione di fondo e ha ottenuto r2 = 0.39 con pendenza 1.43; il modello 2 utilizza la flotta veicolare disaggregata e la concentrazione di fondo come variabili predittive, ottenendo una correlazione rilevante, r2 = 0.73 con pendenza 1.06.
Use of passive dosimetry for identfying factors influencing NO2 variability in urban environments
AULETTA, MIRKO
2017/2018
Abstract
Air pollution is a primary environmental and social issue, affecting public health and ecosystems. the second most important pollutant in terms of health impact is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) especially in urban areas; the World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) estimates that, in 41 European countries, exposures to NO2 were responsible of around 78000 premature deaths per year in 2016. The limit values for NO2 concentration are 40 μg/m3 calculated as annual average, and 200 μg/m3 calculated as hourly average. In 2015, 22 member states of the EU-28 recorded concentrations above the annual limit, as well as other European countries (Norway, Switzerland among others) out of the EU-28, mostly at traffic sites. A critical point for NO2 was the "Dieselgate" scandal, when, in September 2015, the American Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) demonstrated that many Volkswagen vehicles that were sold to America had a "device" to activate emission controls only during the emission testing of the laboratory and not during the actual circulation; this lead to a raising awareness about NOx emissions from diesel vehicles. Therefore technological and non-technological measures have been implemented in order to improve air quality in the European cities in the short-term (after-treatment technologies, LEZ, city tolls etc.). In this Master thesis we assess NO2 data variability in Barcelona, at background and street level, the representativeness of the official monitoring station network, the impact of background, street geometry, wind direction and speed component parallel to the road and the impact of local vehicular fleet on NO2 concentration and the goal is to create a model in order to obtain NO2 concentration, starting from the aforementioned parameters. We obtained the highest NO2 concentrations in the Eixample Izquierdo, El Raval, Barri Gotico while the concentrations decrease in the neighbourhoods Sants, Les Corts, Pedralbes, Vila Olimpica and in the surroundings of the Meridiana. 54% of traffic sites in Barcelona recorded NO2 concentrations above the highest concentration recorded at the traffic stations of the XVPCA; this percentage decrease to 47% for the urban background sites. Two complementary model were developed. Model 1 utilizes street geometry, wind velocity, traffic volume and background concentration as predictor variables and showed r2 =0.39 with 1.43 slope; Model 2 utilizes the disaggregated vehicular fleet and the background concentration as predictor variables, achieving relevant correlation, r2=0.73 with 1.06 slope.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146526