The bolted rail joint represents the traditional joining technique for connecting end-to-end two pieces of rail. It is characterized by some technical limitations, due to the presence of the gap. This represent a discontinuity in the rail track and so a weak point. In particular this lead to the generation of strong vibrations and noise, reducing the comfort for the passengers. For this reasons, the bolted rail joint is going to be substituted by the continuous welded rail, obtained by joining together rails by aluminothermic welding. In this way, the continuity of the rail is maintained, with all the advantages that follows. However, it is not possible use this kind of rail in some situations. In these cases, it is compulsory to use the bolted rail joints. Even if their geometry is redundant, they are difficult to inspect and in the last years, the industry is experiencing some joint failures causing accident. In this thesis work, it is analyzed the reliability of the traditional ultrasonic technology, compared with the phased array one. This latter is relatively novel and it is already used in some industrial applications, presenting many advantages in terms of signal noise ratio and data representation. In particular, it is carried out the inspection for the detection of horizontal, vertical and inclined artificial defect realized in radial direction around the hole. It is then developed a numerical model using the software Civa, the most widely used in the non-destructive testing field. The numerical model is validated and calibrated based on the experimental results. At this point it is possible to determine the Probability of Detection curve by means of the Model Assisted Probability of Detection.
Il giunto ferroviario bullonato rappresenta la tecnica di giunzione tradizionalmente impiegata per il collegamento di due pezzi di rotaia. È caratterizzato da alcune limitazioni tecniche, dovute alla presenza del gap, utilizzato per permettere la dilatazione termica della rotaia stessa. Questo rappresenta una discontinuità e quindi un punto debole. In particolare determina anche la generazione di forti vibrazioni e rumori, riducendo il comfort per i passeggeri. Per questo motivo, il giunto ferroviario bullonato sta venendo sostituito dalla luna rotaia saldata, ottenuta unendo insieme le rotaie mediante saldatura alluminotermica. In questo modo viene mantenuta la continuità della rotaia, con tutti i vantaggi che ne derivano. Tuttavia, in alcune situazioni non è possibile utilizzare questo tipo di giunzione. In questi casi, è obbligatorio utilizzare i giunti ferroviari imbullonati. Anche se la loro geometria è ridondante, sono difficili da ispezionare e negli ultimi anni l'industria sta vivendo alcuni guasti comuni che hanno causato incidenti. In questo lavoro di tesi, viene analizzata l'affidabilità dell'ispezione sia con la tradizionale tecnologia a ultrasuoni, sia con quella phased array. Quest'ultima è relativamente nuova ed è già utilizzata in alcune applicazioni industriali, presentando molti vantaggi in termini di rapporto segnale rumore e rappresentazione dei dati. In particolare, viene eseguita l'ispezione per il rilevamento di difetti artificiali orizzontali, verticali e inclinati realizzati in direzione radiale attorno al foro. Viene quindi sviluppato un modello numerico utilizzando il software Civa, il più utilizzato nel campo dei test non distruttivi. Il modello numerico è validato e calibrato sulla base dei risultati sperimentali. A questo punto è possibile determinare la curva di Probability of Detection mediante l'approccio Model Assisted Probability of Detection.
Ultrasonic inspection of bolted joints between railways by conventional and phased array techniques
AGRÒ, MARCO GIUSEPPE
2018/2019
Abstract
The bolted rail joint represents the traditional joining technique for connecting end-to-end two pieces of rail. It is characterized by some technical limitations, due to the presence of the gap. This represent a discontinuity in the rail track and so a weak point. In particular this lead to the generation of strong vibrations and noise, reducing the comfort for the passengers. For this reasons, the bolted rail joint is going to be substituted by the continuous welded rail, obtained by joining together rails by aluminothermic welding. In this way, the continuity of the rail is maintained, with all the advantages that follows. However, it is not possible use this kind of rail in some situations. In these cases, it is compulsory to use the bolted rail joints. Even if their geometry is redundant, they are difficult to inspect and in the last years, the industry is experiencing some joint failures causing accident. In this thesis work, it is analyzed the reliability of the traditional ultrasonic technology, compared with the phased array one. This latter is relatively novel and it is already used in some industrial applications, presenting many advantages in terms of signal noise ratio and data representation. In particular, it is carried out the inspection for the detection of horizontal, vertical and inclined artificial defect realized in radial direction around the hole. It is then developed a numerical model using the software Civa, the most widely used in the non-destructive testing field. The numerical model is validated and calibrated based on the experimental results. At this point it is possible to determine the Probability of Detection curve by means of the Model Assisted Probability of Detection.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146592