Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems employment and development are growing during last decades. Main interests and efforts from the perspective of scientific research are addressed to the thermodynamic characterization of working fluids used in power plants. The reason is the presence of strong non-ideal gas and compressibility effects in organic vapor under expansion in the ORC turbine close to the saturation line due to working fluid molecular complexity and weight. Such behavior cannot be neglected in the design phase of plant turbomachinery. For this purpose, at the Laboratory of Compressible-fluid dynamics for Renewable Energy Applications CREA Lab) of Politecnico di Milano, experimental investigations are being carried out on the gas dynamics of a class of working fluids widely used in Organic Rankine Cycles: siloxanes (MM and MDM). In the Test Rig for Organic Vapors (TROVA), a blow-down wind tunnel, the fluid expands in a converging-diverging nozzle in order to simulate the blade-to-blade surface of an ORC turbine. Measurements are made to determine total inlet conditions and static pressure along the nozzle axis. To directly inspect the flow evolution during the expansion and measure, independently, fluid velocity or Mach number, two kind of optical techniques were implemented. Schlieren visualizations are able to detect density gradients and thus they can mark Mach lines produced during the expansion of the supersonic stream and detect the occurring internal flow structures. LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) allows to measure the speed of a tracing particle, which is moving coherently with the surrounding portion of fluid, thanks to the variation of light frequency scattered by the particle. In this work, the results of an experimental campaign exploiting schlieren visualizations is discussed. In particular, a comparative analysis of schlieren images obtained with different fluids (nitrogen as ideal gas and siloxane MM as organic fluid) was performed to highlight the molecular mass and complexity effects in the macroscopic gas dynamics of two different converging-diverging nozzle geometries. Furthermore, to make the LDV system operational, a series of changes were done on the seeding system with respect to the previous layout that encountered some issues during preliminary test phase. A PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) test was designed and set up on a reproduction of the seeding tank in thermoplastic polymers (plexiglass and polycarbonate). This technique, being able to estimate the component of the velocity parallel to the measurement plane, can monitor when a uniform distribution of tracking particles is reached inside the liquid held in rotational motion by a stirring system mounted above the model by means of a flanged connection. The vessel is made by eight windows for visual access. Two threaded holes allow to connects two pipes and remove oxygen from the interior volume close to the free surface by fluxing nitrogen. The aim of this test is to check the optimal rotating speed of the mixing system impellers in order to ensure a correct mixing between seeding particles and liquid fluid before the injection into the test section.
L'impiego dei sistemi basati sugli ORC (Organic Rankine Cycles) sono in crescente sviluppo e diffusione negli ultimi anni. I principali interessi e sforzi dal punto di vista della sperimentazione scientifica vengono rivolti alla caratterizzazione termodinamica dei fluidi di lavoro impiegati negli impianti di produzione di potenza. La motivazione è la presenza di forti effetti di gas reale e comprimibilità nei vapori organici in fase di espansione in una turbina ORC, vicino alla curva di saturazione. Le molecole dei fluidi di lavoro mostrano elevata complessità e peso perciò questi effetti non possono essere ritenuti trascurabili in fase di progettazione dei componenti di un impianto. A tale scopo, al CREA Lab (Laboratory of Compressible-fluid dynamics for Renewable Energy Applications) presso il Politecnico di Milano sono state avviate una serie di campagne sperimentali sulla gasdinamica di una classe di fluidi organici impiegati nel campo dei cicli ORC: i silossani (in particolare MM e MDM). Nel TROVA (Test Rig for Organic Vapours) il fluido espande in un ugello convergente-divergente in modo da simulare il suo comportamento all'interno di un canale interpalare di una turbina ORC. Vengono eseguite misure per determinare le condizioni totali all'ingresso e le pressioni statiche lungo l'asse del profilo. Al fine di osservare direttamente il comportamento del fluido e misurare in maniera indipendente la velocità locale e il numero di Mach, una serie di tecniche ottiche sono state implementate. Le visualizzazioni schlieren sono capaci di osservare i gradienti di densità e perciò permettono di evidenziare le linee di Mach generate dall'espansione della corrente supersonica e controllare i fenomeni gasdinamici interni. La tecnica LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) permette invece di misurare la velocità di una particella di inseminante che si muove coerentemente alla porzione di fluido circostante grazie alla variazione di frequenza luminosa (scattering) della luce emessa dalla particella colpita da due fasci laser. In questo lavoro di tesi verranno discussi i risultati di una campagna sperimentale in cui sono state eseguite visualizzazioni schlieren. In particolare, un'analisi comparata delle immagini schlieren ottenute con diversi fluidi (azoto come gas ideale e silossano MM come fluido organico) è stata effettuata in modo da evidenziare gli effetti gasdinamici della struttura molecolare (complessità e peso) in due diverse geometrie di ugello convergente-divergente. In aggiunta, al fine di rendere operativo il sistema LDV}, è stato necessario apportare una serie di modifiche rilevanti al precedente sistema di inseminazione che aveva evidenziato dei problemi durante le prime fasi di prova. Infine è stato progettato e preparato un test PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) su una riproduzione del serbatoio d'inseminazione in plastica trasparente (policarbonato e metacrilato) per verificare la corretta velocità dell'albero al fine di garantire un corretto miscelamento delle particelle di inseminante con il fluido in fase liquida prima dell'iniezione nella sezione di prova. Questa tecnica, riuscendo a misurare la velocità parallela al piano di misura, è in grado di controllare quando viene raggiunta una distribuzione uniforme delle particelle traccianti all'interno del liquido tenuto in moto rotazionale.
Implementation of optical techniques for experimental characterization of non-ideal compressible flows
VETRI, MATTEO
2017/2018
Abstract
Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems employment and development are growing during last decades. Main interests and efforts from the perspective of scientific research are addressed to the thermodynamic characterization of working fluids used in power plants. The reason is the presence of strong non-ideal gas and compressibility effects in organic vapor under expansion in the ORC turbine close to the saturation line due to working fluid molecular complexity and weight. Such behavior cannot be neglected in the design phase of plant turbomachinery. For this purpose, at the Laboratory of Compressible-fluid dynamics for Renewable Energy Applications CREA Lab) of Politecnico di Milano, experimental investigations are being carried out on the gas dynamics of a class of working fluids widely used in Organic Rankine Cycles: siloxanes (MM and MDM). In the Test Rig for Organic Vapors (TROVA), a blow-down wind tunnel, the fluid expands in a converging-diverging nozzle in order to simulate the blade-to-blade surface of an ORC turbine. Measurements are made to determine total inlet conditions and static pressure along the nozzle axis. To directly inspect the flow evolution during the expansion and measure, independently, fluid velocity or Mach number, two kind of optical techniques were implemented. Schlieren visualizations are able to detect density gradients and thus they can mark Mach lines produced during the expansion of the supersonic stream and detect the occurring internal flow structures. LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) allows to measure the speed of a tracing particle, which is moving coherently with the surrounding portion of fluid, thanks to the variation of light frequency scattered by the particle. In this work, the results of an experimental campaign exploiting schlieren visualizations is discussed. In particular, a comparative analysis of schlieren images obtained with different fluids (nitrogen as ideal gas and siloxane MM as organic fluid) was performed to highlight the molecular mass and complexity effects in the macroscopic gas dynamics of two different converging-diverging nozzle geometries. Furthermore, to make the LDV system operational, a series of changes were done on the seeding system with respect to the previous layout that encountered some issues during preliminary test phase. A PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) test was designed and set up on a reproduction of the seeding tank in thermoplastic polymers (plexiglass and polycarbonate). This technique, being able to estimate the component of the velocity parallel to the measurement plane, can monitor when a uniform distribution of tracking particles is reached inside the liquid held in rotational motion by a stirring system mounted above the model by means of a flanged connection. The vessel is made by eight windows for visual access. Two threaded holes allow to connects two pipes and remove oxygen from the interior volume close to the free surface by fluxing nitrogen. The aim of this test is to check the optimal rotating speed of the mixing system impellers in order to ensure a correct mixing between seeding particles and liquid fluid before the injection into the test section.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
2019_04_VETRI.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Thesis text
Dimensione
15.73 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
15.73 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146614