Traditionally the notion of price competitiveness is overstated nowadays in the commercial policy agenda, to the extent it has been incorporated in the keystones to promote price wedging, and protectionism. Nonetheless, it is recognized empirically that there are quantitative distortions in the real exchange rate transmission mechanism in trade balances indeed. A new stream of the economic and trade literature reconciles the influence of Global Value Chains (GVC) in determining this deviation of traditional macroeconomic notions. During this work, the underpinnings of GVC distortion of the exchange rate transmission mechanism are studied theoretically under the economic and managerial perspective; and they are empirically tested by an OLS method controlled by individual and time fixed effects, using disaggregated data at the HS-4 digit product category. It is consistently concluded that Backward linkages (FV) are mainly responsible for an upward bias in the value of the elasticity of trade balances to the real bilateral exchange rate (β). And that the influence of GVC Positioning on the value of β, increases marginally as a function of FV, when it tends to grow. These two assertions validate the empirical existence of positive estimates of β, which is counter intuitive to the conventional notions of most macroeconomic frameworks. In general, 45% of the country sample exhibit unconventional positive signs. Qualitative tests confirm the GVC effect on the values of the elasticity of trade balances to the real bilateral exchange rate. In opposition of the unfounded arguments of the current price wedging fervor, it is argued that high share of foreign inputs in added value exports (BWD) together with upstream positioning in GVC, yields a net positive effect of a real appreciation in the cost structure of firms that consequently impacts positively on trade balances. The work is organized as follows: First, an introduction to the phenomena is presented. Second, the theoretical basis behind the distortion of the real exchange rate transmission mechanism are studied: Initially understanding the phenomena of GVC, and subsequently the exchange rate theory for both the economic and managerial perspective. Third, it is defined the empirical strategy. Fourth, data characteristics and variable definition is presented. Before concluding, results are simultaneously presented and discussed.
Tradizionalmente la nozione di competività di prezzo è stata sopravvalutata nella política commerciale fino ai giorni nostri, al punto che, viene incorporata nella promozione di pratiche protezioniste che comumente risultano nella leva artificiale dei prezzi ai consumatori. Nonostante, sia riconosciuta empiricamente l’esitenza di distorsioni quantitative nel meccanismo di transmissione del tasso di cambio reale sui bilaci commerciali. Una nuova corrente della letteratura economica e commerciale riconosce l’influenza delle Global Value Chains nella divergenza delle nozioni macoreconomici tradizionali. Scopo di questa tesi è investigare i fondamenti dell’ effetto delle GVC sulla distorsione del meccanismo di transmissione del tasso di cambio, considerando sia prospettive economiche sia manageriali. Vengono, inoltre, testati empiricamente, facendo uso di dati dissagregati al livello della categoría HS con 4 cifre, tramite modelli di regressione controllati per efetti fissi (individuale e di tempo). Si può concludere che i Backward linkages (FV) siano i responsabili dell’ orientamento crescente dei valori delle elasticità del bilacio commerciali con rispetto al tasso di cambio (β) e che l’ impatto positivo della GVC Postion nei valori di β, incrementi marginalmente in funzione di FV. Queste due affermazioni convalidano, dunque, l’esistenza empírica di valori positivi di β. Tuttavia, questa conclusione contradice le nozioni convenzionali dei modelli macroecconomici tradizionali. Indicativamente, 45% dei paesi del campione, presentano valori positivi d’elasticità. Test qualitativi confermano l’effetto delle variabili di GVC negli estimatori di β. In opposizione agli argomenti infondati del fervore attuale sui dazi commerciali, si conferma la presenza di effetti positivi sui bilanci commerciali risultanti dalla valutazione reali del tasso di cambio, quando la proporzione di prodotti intermedi stranieri è alta, e i paesi sono posizionati upstream nelle GVC. La tesi è organizzata come segue: i) il fenomeno della distorsione nel meccanismo di trassmisione viene brevemente descritto. ii) viene concettualizata la teoria sottostante al fenomeno della distorsione, prima nell ambito delle GVCs, e poi nelle teorie economiche del tasso di cambio, considerando sia la prospettiva economica sia manageriale. iii), la struttura dell’ analisi empírica viene definita. iv), vengono presentati i dati, le variabilli di controllo e determinanti. v) prima di concludere, i resultati vengono presentati e discussi.
Are global value chains affecting the price competitiveness of trade balances ?
BARRERA CERON, EDWIN AUGUSTO
2017/2018
Abstract
Traditionally the notion of price competitiveness is overstated nowadays in the commercial policy agenda, to the extent it has been incorporated in the keystones to promote price wedging, and protectionism. Nonetheless, it is recognized empirically that there are quantitative distortions in the real exchange rate transmission mechanism in trade balances indeed. A new stream of the economic and trade literature reconciles the influence of Global Value Chains (GVC) in determining this deviation of traditional macroeconomic notions. During this work, the underpinnings of GVC distortion of the exchange rate transmission mechanism are studied theoretically under the economic and managerial perspective; and they are empirically tested by an OLS method controlled by individual and time fixed effects, using disaggregated data at the HS-4 digit product category. It is consistently concluded that Backward linkages (FV) are mainly responsible for an upward bias in the value of the elasticity of trade balances to the real bilateral exchange rate (β). And that the influence of GVC Positioning on the value of β, increases marginally as a function of FV, when it tends to grow. These two assertions validate the empirical existence of positive estimates of β, which is counter intuitive to the conventional notions of most macroeconomic frameworks. In general, 45% of the country sample exhibit unconventional positive signs. Qualitative tests confirm the GVC effect on the values of the elasticity of trade balances to the real bilateral exchange rate. In opposition of the unfounded arguments of the current price wedging fervor, it is argued that high share of foreign inputs in added value exports (BWD) together with upstream positioning in GVC, yields a net positive effect of a real appreciation in the cost structure of firms that consequently impacts positively on trade balances. The work is organized as follows: First, an introduction to the phenomena is presented. Second, the theoretical basis behind the distortion of the real exchange rate transmission mechanism are studied: Initially understanding the phenomena of GVC, and subsequently the exchange rate theory for both the economic and managerial perspective. Third, it is defined the empirical strategy. Fourth, data characteristics and variable definition is presented. Before concluding, results are simultaneously presented and discussed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146655