In this work the physical mechanisms which appear when a flow undergo a drag variation due to a control technique as oscillating wall or streamwise waves of spanwise velocity are studied. To do that 5 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of a turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 200 were used: a first case without forcing, two cases with oscillating wall and two cases with travelling waves. The first part of the thesis is based on the study of the Coherent Structures (CS) of the flow, in particular of the Quasi-Streamwise Vortices (QSV). The hope is to relate the changes induced by the control on the flow with the variation of the QSV dynamics and subsequently understand how and why the friction is modified. To do that several programs, that allowed us to educe QSV, conditionally average them and extract some relevant physical quantities (as Reynolds stresses), were developed. From that it was possible to confirm the presence of the same Q2 suppression and Q4 enhancement mechanisms underlined in Yakeno et al. [2014] for the vortices under an oscillating wall control, while for the first time their relevance for travel- ling waves was observed. The last part of the work is focused on the proposal of a formula which allows to predict, given the wavenumber kx and the frequency ω associated to a travelling wave, the friction variation, in order to prove the relevance of the physical phenomena observed during the thesis. To do that we started again from a proposal of Yakeno et al. [2014] which was modified taking into account the GSL acceleration and the QSV-roll phenomenon we observed for the travelling waves, that we related to the modification of the stress state due to the x derivative of w. An alternative formulation, based on the y second derivative of w, was proposed, observing the striking similarity between the drag reduction map of Yakeno et al. [2014] and the repre- sentation of that quantity in the (kx, ω) space as suggested in Duque-Daza et al. [2012]. Regarding that, we must take into account that this last analysis studies the growth of perturbations in a base flow considering linearized Navier-Stokes equations: this suggest a relevance of linear phenomena for the friction reduction.
In questo lavoro vengono studiati i meccanismi fisici che si manifestano quando una corrente subisce una variazione di attrito dovuta ad una tecnica di controllo come la parete oscillante o le onde di velocità trasversale viaggianti in direzione della corrente. Per fare ciò 5 Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) di canale piano turbolento a Reτ = 200 sono stati utilizzati: un primo caso privo di forzamento, due casi con parete oscillante e due casi con onde viaggianti. La prima parte della tesi è basata sullo studio delle Strutture Coerenti (CS) presenti nella corrente, in particolare dei Quasi-Streamwise Vortices (QSV). La speranza è quella di mettere in relazione i cambiamenti indotti dal controllo sulla corrente con le variazione della dinamica dei QSV e conseguentemente comprendere come e perché l’attrito viene modificato. Per far ciò sono stati sviluppati diversi programmi che ci hanno consentito di estrarre i QSV, farne una media condizionata e ricavare alcune quantità fisiche di rilievo (come gli sforzi di Reynolds). Da ciò è stato possibile confermare la presenza degli stessi meccanismi di soppressione degli eventi Q2 e miglioramento degli eventi Q4 evidenziati in Yakeno et al. [2014] per i vortici sottoposti ad un controllo con parete oscillante, mentre per la prima volta ne è stata osservata la rilevanza per le onde viaggianti. L’ultima parte del lavoro si concentra sulla proposta di una formula che consenta di prevedere, dato il numero d’onda kx e la frequenza ω associati ad un’onda viaggiante, la variazione di attrito, in modo da provare la rilevanza dei fenomeni fisici osservati nel corso della tesi. Per far ciò siamo partiti nuovamente da una proposta di Yakeno et al. [2014] che è stata modificata tenendo conto dell’accelerazione del GSL e di un fenomeno di rotazione dei QSV osservato per le onde viaggianti che abbiamo legato alla modi- fica dello stato di sforzo dovuto alla derivata di w in direzione x. Una formulazione alternativa, legata alla derivata seconda di w in y, è stata altresì proposta, dopo aver osservato la sorprendente somiglianza tra la mappa di riduzione di attrito di Yakeno et al. [2014] e la rappresentazione di tale quantità nello spazio (kx, ω) come suggerito in Duque-Daza et al. [2012]. A tal proposito bisogna tener presente che quest’ultima analisi prende in considerazione la crescita di perturbazioni di un flusso base considerate le equazioni di Navier- Stokes linearizzate: ciò suggerisce la rilevanza di fenomeni lineari per la riduzione di attrito.
Coherent structures in wall turbulence with drag reduction
GALLORINI, EMANUELE
2017/2018
Abstract
In this work the physical mechanisms which appear when a flow undergo a drag variation due to a control technique as oscillating wall or streamwise waves of spanwise velocity are studied. To do that 5 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of a turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 200 were used: a first case without forcing, two cases with oscillating wall and two cases with travelling waves. The first part of the thesis is based on the study of the Coherent Structures (CS) of the flow, in particular of the Quasi-Streamwise Vortices (QSV). The hope is to relate the changes induced by the control on the flow with the variation of the QSV dynamics and subsequently understand how and why the friction is modified. To do that several programs, that allowed us to educe QSV, conditionally average them and extract some relevant physical quantities (as Reynolds stresses), were developed. From that it was possible to confirm the presence of the same Q2 suppression and Q4 enhancement mechanisms underlined in Yakeno et al. [2014] for the vortices under an oscillating wall control, while for the first time their relevance for travel- ling waves was observed. The last part of the work is focused on the proposal of a formula which allows to predict, given the wavenumber kx and the frequency ω associated to a travelling wave, the friction variation, in order to prove the relevance of the physical phenomena observed during the thesis. To do that we started again from a proposal of Yakeno et al. [2014] which was modified taking into account the GSL acceleration and the QSV-roll phenomenon we observed for the travelling waves, that we related to the modification of the stress state due to the x derivative of w. An alternative formulation, based on the y second derivative of w, was proposed, observing the striking similarity between the drag reduction map of Yakeno et al. [2014] and the repre- sentation of that quantity in the (kx, ω) space as suggested in Duque-Daza et al. [2012]. Regarding that, we must take into account that this last analysis studies the growth of perturbations in a base flow considering linearized Navier-Stokes equations: this suggest a relevance of linear phenomena for the friction reduction.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/146809