“Climate change is real, it is happening right now, it is the most urgent threat facing our entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating”. With these words Leonardo Di Caprio closed his acceptance speech for the Academy Awards in 2016 referring to the most urgent challenges that scientists are facing today: the development of environmentally safe, sustainable, and energy-efficient technologies for industrial waste treatments. This thesis work is focused on the evaluation of the efficiency of photocatalytic processes in the purification of solutions containing multiple organic dyes, as representative of possible wastewaters deriving from the textile industry in which traditional removal techniques, such as adsorption and filtration, are limited on transferring pollutants from water to another phase requiring further treatments of solid-wastes and regeneration, significantly increasing the process costs. In fact, in this direction, one of the most promising technologies for the industry of the future is the degradation via photocatalytic process. It consists on the decomposition of harmful compounds through the activation of a semiconductor catalyst via light absorption which is the most abundant clean energy source available. Among all photocatalytic materials, titanium dioxide has been identified as one of the most effective catalysts for this purpose due to its high versatility and stability. Particularly, TiO2 nanotubular structure represents the perfect compromise between surface-to-volume ratio, light harvesting and charges mobility. In Chapter 1 the current state of art for both photocatalysis and TiO2 nanotubes production will be shown. The role of nanotubular structures in the photocatalytic activity will be underlined together with the process parameters needed to grow a homogeneous layer via anodization technique. Chapter 2 will focus on the experimental methodologies that have been employed: samples preparation and characterization, anodizing setup, solutions preparation and photocatalysis tests. In Chapter 3 the experimental results of the degradation of four industrial organic dyes (acid orange 7, direct red 80, rhodamine B and methylene blue) and their binary solutions will be treated. For each solution the analysis will be centred on the variation of absorbance in correspondence of the maximum peak of the single dye, which is taken as indicative of dye degradation, since the dye is supposed to lose colour intensity only due to its molecule decomposition. In the end, another criterium, based on first order derivative of absorbance curves, will be introduced to identify the correct wavelength to be analysed as representative of dye absorbance in multiple dyes systems.
“Il cambiamento del clima è reale, sta succedendo ora, è la minaccia più urgente di fronte alla nostra intera specie e noi dobbiamo lavorare tutti insieme e smettere di procrastinare”. Con queste parole Leonardo Di Caprio ha concluso il suo discorso alle premiazioni degli Academy Awards nel 2016 riferendosi alla sfida più urgente che i ricercatori stanno attualmente affrontando: lo sviluppo di tecnologie per il trattamento di rifiuti industriali che siano allo stesso tempo sicure per l’ambiente, sostenibili ed efficienti. Il lavoro che seguirà si concentra sulla valutazione dell’efficienza dei processi fotocatalitici nella purificazione di soluzioni contenenti più coloranti organici che vogliono simulare le acque reflue provenienti dall’industria tessile. Le tradizionali tecniche di rimozione, come l’adsorbimento e la filtrazione, si limitano nel trasferire l’inquinante dall’acqua ad un’altra fase, richiedendo quindi ulteriori trattamenti di gestione e rigenerazione con aumenti significativi dei costi finali. In questa direzione, una delle più promettenti tecnologie per l’industria del futuro è rappresentata dalla degradazione via fotocatalisi. Consiste nella decomposizione di agenti pericolosi attraverso l’attivazione di un catalizzatore semiconduttore a seguito di assorbimento di luce solare (la forma di energia pulita più abbondante a nostra disposizione). Grazie alla sua estrema versatilità e stabilità, il biossido di titanio è stato identificato come uno dei migliori candidati a questo scopo. Più nello specifico, la struttura a nanotubi di questo ossido ha mostrato avere il perfetto compromesso tra mobilità delle cariche, sensibilità alla radiazione ed elevata area superficiale . Nel Capitolo 1 sarà analizzato l’attuale stato dell’arte sia della fotocatalisi che della produzione di nanotubi di ossido di titanio. Verrà fatto un approfondimento sul ruolo dei nanotubi nell’attività della fotocatalisi e sul come ottenerne uno strato omogeneo attraverso il processo di anodizzazione. Il Capitolo 2 si concentrerà sulle metodiche sperimentali che sono state seguite: preparazione e caratterizzazione dei campioni, anodizzazione, preparazione delle soluzioni e test di fotocatalisi. Nel capitolo 3 saranno infine discussi i risultati sperimentali ottenuti sulla degradazione di quattro coloranti organici usati industrialmente (acid orange 7, direct red 80, rhodamine B e methylene blue) e delle loro soluzioni binarie. Per ogni soluzione la degradazione è seguita attraverso la variazione di assorbanza in corrispondenza del picco del singolo colorante. Per concludere, verrà introdotto un altro criterio, basato sulla derivata prima delle curve di assorbanza, per identificare le lunghezze d’onda che meglio identificano il picco di assorbanza dei singoli coloranti nelle soluzioni binarie.
Photocatalytic degradation of four organic dyes in single and binary mixtures
DE FLAVIIS, LORENZO
2018/2019
Abstract
“Climate change is real, it is happening right now, it is the most urgent threat facing our entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating”. With these words Leonardo Di Caprio closed his acceptance speech for the Academy Awards in 2016 referring to the most urgent challenges that scientists are facing today: the development of environmentally safe, sustainable, and energy-efficient technologies for industrial waste treatments. This thesis work is focused on the evaluation of the efficiency of photocatalytic processes in the purification of solutions containing multiple organic dyes, as representative of possible wastewaters deriving from the textile industry in which traditional removal techniques, such as adsorption and filtration, are limited on transferring pollutants from water to another phase requiring further treatments of solid-wastes and regeneration, significantly increasing the process costs. In fact, in this direction, one of the most promising technologies for the industry of the future is the degradation via photocatalytic process. It consists on the decomposition of harmful compounds through the activation of a semiconductor catalyst via light absorption which is the most abundant clean energy source available. Among all photocatalytic materials, titanium dioxide has been identified as one of the most effective catalysts for this purpose due to its high versatility and stability. Particularly, TiO2 nanotubular structure represents the perfect compromise between surface-to-volume ratio, light harvesting and charges mobility. In Chapter 1 the current state of art for both photocatalysis and TiO2 nanotubes production will be shown. The role of nanotubular structures in the photocatalytic activity will be underlined together with the process parameters needed to grow a homogeneous layer via anodization technique. Chapter 2 will focus on the experimental methodologies that have been employed: samples preparation and characterization, anodizing setup, solutions preparation and photocatalysis tests. In Chapter 3 the experimental results of the degradation of four industrial organic dyes (acid orange 7, direct red 80, rhodamine B and methylene blue) and their binary solutions will be treated. For each solution the analysis will be centred on the variation of absorbance in correspondence of the maximum peak of the single dye, which is taken as indicative of dye degradation, since the dye is supposed to lose colour intensity only due to its molecule decomposition. In the end, another criterium, based on first order derivative of absorbance curves, will be introduced to identify the correct wavelength to be analysed as representative of dye absorbance in multiple dyes systems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/147117