In recent decades cases of natural disasters have always been more frequent: earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, have brought entire populations to their knees. But how much of all this actually depends on nature? The environmental change and other non-climatological factors caused by man, in addition to increasing the number of disasters have highlighted a greater human vulnerability, also linked to the social conditions of a country. Furthermore, the excessive urbanization linked to population growth and the depopulation of mountain and rural areas, represent factors of weakening of the territory that make the impacts of these events for the population even more serious. What could be the method to prevent this? Environmental changes are transforming the content, creating serious risks for the safety of people; moreover, environmental threats are also challenges of public space. There is no impact of climate change that will not be perceived in public spaces around the world. Following these catastrophic events, a term that has taken on an increasingly central role both for the analysis and for the reconstruction strategy, is the term resilience. The definition of resilience is mainly used in the sphere of ecology, and is still an abstract concept in urban design, but can be reinterpreted in the context of urban planning, since there is a remarkable similarity between urban areas and living organisms. This expression identifies the ability of an organism to resist a given shock and then return to the previous equilibrium conditions. If on the one hand man has strongly contributed to climate change, on the other today he must implement mitigation and adaptation strategies. The concept of urban resilience emerges as a tool to describe the ways in which cities can cope with disorder and inconsistencies by strengthening levels of urban sustainability. It is necessary to start rapid interventions and adaptation policies starting from large urban centers, through new strategies, economic resources and a strong direction at national level. The present thesis aims to correlate urban resilience and public space; from the examination of literature and theoretical analysis, a consideration emerges that clarifies the importance of planning public spaces, in order to build urban resilience. Analyzing three case studies, in different parts of the world, I found different ways of climate adaptation of public spaces. The first city analyzed was Rotterdam, the second largest in the Netherlands after the capital Amsterdam, with almost 618,000 inhabitants. Rotterdam is home to Europe's first largest port and one of the largest in the world. The city is divided into two areas, south and north of the Nieuwe Maas river, with the urban center positioned north of the same river and with a territorial conurbation below sea level. There are numerous dams in the area, and floods and floods are a constant problem. For this reason, for about seventeen years the municipal administration has begun to elaborate a strategy to coexist peacefully with water, both that of the sea that advances and that of the floods that afflict the city. Thanks to its cutting-edge adaptation plan, the Dutch city has become a reference point for urban centers that aim to adapt to climate change, such as New Orleans. The city was hit on August 23, 2005 by Hurricane Katrina, one of the most devastating in US history. More than 1,800 people died, and around 800,000 homes were destroyed or damaged. After the collapse of the banks that had been designed to counter the floods, 80 percent of the city was submerged in water. Since then the municipality has begun to develop a new water plan to manage flooding and protect New Orleans from flooding. The plan envisages a resilient approach, as in addition to urban planning, the aim is to mitigate the vulnerability through the water cycle and the multifunctional green for water drainage. Finally, the last city analyzed was Ho Chi Minh, the largest urban center in southern Vietnam. After a strategic partnership between the Vietnamese and Dutch governments, an adaptation strategy was announced aimed at improving the long-term sustainable socio-economic development of the city. HCMC is located on the banks of the Saigon River, and is home to a growing population that is now approaching 7 million people. As a delta city, it already faces major challenges related to climate change, including rising sea levels and increasing flooding of the river. However, an economy and a rapidly growing population triggered the expansion of the city, with areas subject to flooding along the coast. Implementing six strategic directions, and improving people's quality of life, the city will reduce vulnerability and increase resilience against climate change impacts.
Negli ultimi decenni i casi di catastrofi naturali sono sempre stati più frequenti: terremoti, uragani, tsunami, inondazioni, hanno messo in ginocchio intere popolazioni. Ma quanto di tutto questo dipende effettivamente dalla natura? Il cambiamento ambientale ed altri fattori non climatologici provocati dall’uomo, oltre ad aumentare il numero di calamità hanno messo in evidenza una maggiore vulnerabilità umana, legata anche alle condizioni sociali di un paese. Inoltre l’eccessiva urbanizzazione legata alla crescita della popolazione e allo spopolamento delle aree montane e rurali, rappresentano fattori di indebolimento del territorio che rendono ancora più gravi gli impatti di questi eventi per la popolazione. Quale potrebbe essere il metodo per prevenire tutto questo? I cambiamenti ambientali stanno trasformando i contenti, creando dei seri rischi per la sicurezza delle persone; inoltre le minacce ambientali sono anche sfide dello spazio pubblico. Non vi è alcun impatto del cambiamento climatico che non sarà percepito negli spazi pubblici di tutto il mondo. A seguito di questi eventi catastrofici un termine che ha preso un ruolo sempre più centrale sia per l’analisi che per la strategia di ricostruzione, è il termine resilienza. La definizione di resilienza è usata principalmente nella sfera dell’ecologia, ed è ancora un concetto astratto nel design urbano, ma può essere reinterpretata nel contesto dell’urbanistica, poiché esiste una notevole somiglianza tre le aree urbane e gli organismi viventi. Con questa espressione si identifica la capacità di un organismo, di resistere ad un determinato shock per poi ritornare alle condizioni precedenti di equilibrio. Se da un lato l’uomo ha contribuito fortemente al cambiamento climatico, dall’altro oggi deve mettere in campo strategie di mitigazione e di adattamento. Il concetto di resilienza urbana emerge come uno strumento per descrivere i modi secondo cui le città possono fronteggiare disordine e incoerenze rafforzando i livelli di sostenibilità urbana. Occorre dar avvio ad interventi rapidi e politiche di adattamento a partire dai grandi centri urbani, attraverso nuove strategie, risorse economiche ed un indirizzo forte a livello nazionale. La presente tesi di laurea si propone di correlare la resilienza urbana e lo spazio pubblico; dall’esame della letteratura e dell’analisi teorica, emerge una considerazione che chiarisce l’importanza della pianificazione degli spazi pubblici, al fine di costruire la resilienza urbana. Analizzando tre casi studio, in diverse parti del mondo, ho riscontrato diverse modalità di adattamento climatico degli spazi pubblici. La prima città analizzata è stata Rotterdam, la seconda più importante dei Paesi Bassi dopo la capitale Amsterdam, con quasi 618.000 abitanti. Rotterdam ospita il primo porto più grande d’Europa ed uno dei più grandi del mondo. La città si divide in due aree, a sud ed al nord del fiume Nieuwe Maas, con il centro urbano posizionato a nord dello stesso fiume e con una conurbazione territoriale al di sotto del livello del mare. Le dighe presenti nel territorio sono infatti numerose, e le inondazioni e alluvioni sono un problema costante. Per questo motivo, da circa diciassette anni l’amministrazione comunale ha iniziato ad elaborate una strategia per convivere pacificamente con l’acqua, sia quella del mare che avanza che quella delle alluvioni che affliggono la città. Grazie al suo piano di adattamento all’avanguardia, la città olandese è diventata un punto di riferimento per i centri urbani che mirano ad adattarsi ai cambiamenti climatici, come New Orleans. La città, è stata colpita il 23 agosto 2005 dall’uragano Katrina, uno dei più devastanti nella storia degli Stati Uniti. Più di 1.800 persone sono morte, e circa 800 mila case sono state distrutte o danneggiate. Dopo il crollo degli argini che erano stati progettati per contrastare le inondazioni, l’80 per cento della città è stata sommersa dall’acqua. Da allora il comune ha cominciato a sviluppare un nuovo piano idrico per gestire gli allagamenti e proteggere New Orleans dalle inondazioni. Il piano prevede un approccio resiliente, in quanto oltre alla pianificazione urbana si punta alla mitigazione della vulnerabilità tramite il ciclo idrico ed il verde multifunzionale per il drenaggio dell’acqua. Infine l’ultima città analizzata è stata Ho Chi Minh, il più grande centro urbano del sud del Vietnam. Dopo una partnership strategica tra il governo vietnamita e quello olandese, è stata annunciata una strategie di adattamento volta a migliorare lo sviluppo socio-economico sostenibile a lungo termine per la città. HCMC si trova sulle rive del fiume Saigon, ed ospita una popolazione in crescita che oggi si avvicina a 7 milioni di persone. Come una città del delta, deve già affrontare importanti sfide legate al cambiamento climatico, tra cui l’innalzamento del livello del mare e l’aumento delle inondazioni del fiume. Tuttavia, un’economia ed una popolazione in rapida crescita hanno innescato l’espansione della città, verse aree soggette ad inondazioni lungo la costa. Implementato sei direzioni strategiche, e migliorando la qualità di vita delle persone, la città ridurrà la vulnerabilità ed aumenterà la resilienza contro gli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici.
Spazio pubblico e resilienza. Esperienze di rigenerazione urbana resiliente : tre casi a confronto
MERATI, ELEONORA
2018/2019
Abstract
In recent decades cases of natural disasters have always been more frequent: earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, have brought entire populations to their knees. But how much of all this actually depends on nature? The environmental change and other non-climatological factors caused by man, in addition to increasing the number of disasters have highlighted a greater human vulnerability, also linked to the social conditions of a country. Furthermore, the excessive urbanization linked to population growth and the depopulation of mountain and rural areas, represent factors of weakening of the territory that make the impacts of these events for the population even more serious. What could be the method to prevent this? Environmental changes are transforming the content, creating serious risks for the safety of people; moreover, environmental threats are also challenges of public space. There is no impact of climate change that will not be perceived in public spaces around the world. Following these catastrophic events, a term that has taken on an increasingly central role both for the analysis and for the reconstruction strategy, is the term resilience. The definition of resilience is mainly used in the sphere of ecology, and is still an abstract concept in urban design, but can be reinterpreted in the context of urban planning, since there is a remarkable similarity between urban areas and living organisms. This expression identifies the ability of an organism to resist a given shock and then return to the previous equilibrium conditions. If on the one hand man has strongly contributed to climate change, on the other today he must implement mitigation and adaptation strategies. The concept of urban resilience emerges as a tool to describe the ways in which cities can cope with disorder and inconsistencies by strengthening levels of urban sustainability. It is necessary to start rapid interventions and adaptation policies starting from large urban centers, through new strategies, economic resources and a strong direction at national level. The present thesis aims to correlate urban resilience and public space; from the examination of literature and theoretical analysis, a consideration emerges that clarifies the importance of planning public spaces, in order to build urban resilience. Analyzing three case studies, in different parts of the world, I found different ways of climate adaptation of public spaces. The first city analyzed was Rotterdam, the second largest in the Netherlands after the capital Amsterdam, with almost 618,000 inhabitants. Rotterdam is home to Europe's first largest port and one of the largest in the world. The city is divided into two areas, south and north of the Nieuwe Maas river, with the urban center positioned north of the same river and with a territorial conurbation below sea level. There are numerous dams in the area, and floods and floods are a constant problem. For this reason, for about seventeen years the municipal administration has begun to elaborate a strategy to coexist peacefully with water, both that of the sea that advances and that of the floods that afflict the city. Thanks to its cutting-edge adaptation plan, the Dutch city has become a reference point for urban centers that aim to adapt to climate change, such as New Orleans. The city was hit on August 23, 2005 by Hurricane Katrina, one of the most devastating in US history. More than 1,800 people died, and around 800,000 homes were destroyed or damaged. After the collapse of the banks that had been designed to counter the floods, 80 percent of the city was submerged in water. Since then the municipality has begun to develop a new water plan to manage flooding and protect New Orleans from flooding. The plan envisages a resilient approach, as in addition to urban planning, the aim is to mitigate the vulnerability through the water cycle and the multifunctional green for water drainage. Finally, the last city analyzed was Ho Chi Minh, the largest urban center in southern Vietnam. After a strategic partnership between the Vietnamese and Dutch governments, an adaptation strategy was announced aimed at improving the long-term sustainable socio-economic development of the city. HCMC is located on the banks of the Saigon River, and is home to a growing population that is now approaching 7 million people. As a delta city, it already faces major challenges related to climate change, including rising sea levels and increasing flooding of the river. However, an economy and a rapidly growing population triggered the expansion of the city, with areas subject to flooding along the coast. Implementing six strategic directions, and improving people's quality of life, the city will reduce vulnerability and increase resilience against climate change impacts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/148160