Following the publication of the Agenda 2030, launched by the United Nations in 2015, the achievement of access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy represents a paramount goal to be satisfied within 2030. In matter of electrification, roughly 1 billion of people still lack from energy access, underlining the importance and the urgency to design proper and sustainable strategies of action towards electricity planning. The issue of low rates and low per capita consumption of electricity is particularly exacerbated in rural areas, causing a series of negative impacts that preclude the development process at both local and country levels. When the rural area cannot be reached via main grid, off-grid systems powered by renewable energy sources generally represent the most appropriate solution. Within the background delineated, the thesis sheds the light on the problem of access to modern energy in developing countries and focuses on the analysis of off-grid systems for the provision of rural power services. Specifically, the work poses the emphasis on isolated mini-grid systems and it is intended to overcome the absence of opportune and comprehensive approaches towards tariff design directed at, on one hand, guaranteeing to private investors acceptable return from the investment and, on the other hand, boosting fair and sustainable electricity access to users. To fill the current gap, the general objective of the thesis is to investigate and restructure the literature regarding off-grid tariff setting and to propose a model, implemented in a software tool, able to support investment evaluation analyses through the indication of developer’s revenue requirements and of different tariff structures and levels to apply in isolated mini-grids. The work is conceived into two main parts which deal with a theoretical and practical investigation aimed at providing contributions to the analysis concerning the economic feasibility of isolated mini-grid projects undertaken by private implementers. As a result of the recent increasing interest of the theme in the academic sector, the first part offers an initial in-depth capitalisation of the problem of access to energy with heed on the issue of rural electrification. The specific objective pursued by the first part concerns: to build a comprehensive business overview on factors that influence the financial feasibility of mini-grid systems, and that consequently strongly impact the process of tariff setting in terms of both payment structures and levels. To attain such aim, an extensive review of the scientific literature related to mini-grid delivery models is addressed by discussing separately ownership, financing, revenue collection models and generation technologies. The result lies in creating awareness on how project development choices affect its sustainability. Afterwards, regulatory schemes that might be adopted to control developer’s tariff and financial mechanisms bringing support to these projects are elucidated. The revision of regulatory economics and aid mechanisms support the introduction of a taxonomy of off-grid electricity tariffs regarding the aspects that weigh on payment structures and levels. The crux of the second part dwells on the development of a procedure. The declared specific objective chased by the model is: to put in place a regulatory regime for the estimation of total project costs and their translation into developer’s revenue requirements for the proposal of different structures and levels of electricity tariffs. The definition of the model is preceded by the suggestion of an itemised breakdown of costs which are typically associated to the establishment and operation of isolated mini-grids. The purpose here is to account and create awareness and knowledge in relation to all the potential expenses that might arise before and along these projects. The procedure envisages to bridge the gap in literature about the lack of a process of off-grid tariff setting and provide contributions to investment economic analysis of mini-grid systems. These insights are, in fact, significant supplements directed at boosting the involvement of new entities and the diffusion of mini-grid projects. The result of the application of the model permits to scrutiny tariffs structured differently according to the perspectives of users and the developer, and integrates an examination of the correlation between the levelized cost of electricity and the tariff level, as well as the impacts of financial support mechanisms.
In seguito alla pubblicazione dell’Agenda 2030, lanciata dalle Nazioni Unite nel 2015, il raggiungimento all’accesso di energia sostenibile, affidabile, accessibile e moderna rappresenta un obiettivo fondamentale da soddisfare entro il 2030. In materia di elettrificazione, circa 1 miliardo di persone non gode ancora di accesso all’energia, sottolineando l’importanza e l’urgenza di progettare strategie di azione che siano adeguate e sostenibili verso una pianificazione elettrica. Il problema dei bassi tassi dei bassi consumi pro capite di elettricità risulta particolarmente aggravato nelle zone rurali, causando una serie di impatti negativi che precludono il processo di sviluppo a livello locale e nazionale. Quando l’area rurale non può essere raggiunta dalla rete elettrica, i sistemi in isola basati su fonti rinnovabili rappresentano solitamente la soluzione più appropriata. All’interno del contesto delineato, la tesi getta luce sul tema dell’accesso all’energia moderna nei paesi in via di sviluppo e si concentra sull’analisi dei sistemi in isola per la fornitura di servizi energetici rurali. Nello specifico, il lavoro pone l’accento sui sistemi a mini-reti isolati ed intende superare la mancanza di opportuni e comprensivi approcci alla progettazione tariffaria, da un lato, guarantendo ad investitori privati un ritorno accettabile dall’investimento e, dall’altro lato, promuovendo un accesso equo e sostenibile dell’elettricità agli utenti. Per colmare il divario attuale, l’obiettivo generale della tesi è quello di indagare e riorganizzare la letteratura riguardante l’impostazione tariffaria in isola e di proporre un modello, implementato in uno strumento software, in grado di supportare analisi di valutazione degli investimenti tramite l’indicazione dei fabbisogni di ricavi dello sviluppatore e delle differenti strutture e livelli tariffari da applicare in mini-reti isolate. Il lavoro è concepito in due parti, le quali si occupano di un’indagine teorica e pratica volta a procurare contributi all’analisi riguardante la fattibilità economica di progetti di mini-reti isolati intrapresi da esecutori privati. Come conseguenza del recente crescente interesse del tema nel settore accademico, la prima parte offre una iniziale approfondita capitalizzazione del problema dell’accesso all’energia prestando attenzione alla questione dell’elettrificazione rurale. L’obiettivo specifico perseguito dalla prima parte riguarda la costruzione di una panoramica del business completa sui fattori che influenzano la fattibilità finanziaria dei sistemi a mini-rete e che, conseguentemente, generano un forte impatto sul processo di definizione delle tariffe in termini di strutture e livelli di pagamento. Per conseguire tale obiettivo, viene affrontata un’ampia revisione della letteratura scientifica relativa ai modelli di esecuzione della mini-rete discutendo separatamente proprietà, finanziamento, modelli di raccolta dei ricavi e tecnologie di generazione. Il risultato giace nel creare consapevolezza su come le scelte di sviluppo del progetto influenzano la sua sostenibilità. Successivamente, sono elucidati gli schemi normativi che possono essere adottati per controllare la tariffa imposta dallo sviluppatore e i meccanismi finanziari che forniscono supporto a questi progetti. La revisione dell’economia normativa e dei meccanismi di sostegno supportano l’introduzione di una tassonomia tariffaria di sistemi in isola per quanto concerne gli aspetti che incidono sulle strutture ed i livelli di pagamento. Il punto cruciale della seconda parte risiede nello sviluppo di una procedura. L’obiettivo specifico perseguito dal modello è riassunto in: mettere in atto un regime normativo per la stima dei costi totali del progetto e la loro traslazione in requisiti di ricavo dello sviluppatore per la proposta di diverse strutture e livelli di tariffe elettriche. La definizione del modello è preceduta dal suggerimento di una ripartizione dettagliata dei costi che sono tipicamente associati all’avviamento e al funzionamento di mini-reti isolate. Lo scopo è quello di considerare e creare consapevolezza e conoscenza in relazione a tutte le potenziali voci di spesa che potrebbero sorgere prima e lungo questi progetti. La procedura cerca di colmare il divario nella letteratura riguardo alla mancanza di un processo di impostazione tariffaria nei sistemi in isola e di fornire contributi all’analisi economica degli investimenti di mini-reti. Questi contributi sono, infatti, importanti integrazioni volte a stimolare il coinvolgimento di nuove entità e la diffusione di progetti di mini-rete. Il risultato dell’applicazione del modello consente di controllare le tariffe strutturate in modo diverso a seconda delle prospettive degli utenti e dello sviluppatore, ed integra un esame della correlazione tra il costo livellato dell’elettricità e il livello tariffario, nonché gli impatti dei meccanismi di supporto.
Tariff design for power supply service in isolated mini-grids
BRAGLIA, MATTIA
2018/2019
Abstract
Following the publication of the Agenda 2030, launched by the United Nations in 2015, the achievement of access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy represents a paramount goal to be satisfied within 2030. In matter of electrification, roughly 1 billion of people still lack from energy access, underlining the importance and the urgency to design proper and sustainable strategies of action towards electricity planning. The issue of low rates and low per capita consumption of electricity is particularly exacerbated in rural areas, causing a series of negative impacts that preclude the development process at both local and country levels. When the rural area cannot be reached via main grid, off-grid systems powered by renewable energy sources generally represent the most appropriate solution. Within the background delineated, the thesis sheds the light on the problem of access to modern energy in developing countries and focuses on the analysis of off-grid systems for the provision of rural power services. Specifically, the work poses the emphasis on isolated mini-grid systems and it is intended to overcome the absence of opportune and comprehensive approaches towards tariff design directed at, on one hand, guaranteeing to private investors acceptable return from the investment and, on the other hand, boosting fair and sustainable electricity access to users. To fill the current gap, the general objective of the thesis is to investigate and restructure the literature regarding off-grid tariff setting and to propose a model, implemented in a software tool, able to support investment evaluation analyses through the indication of developer’s revenue requirements and of different tariff structures and levels to apply in isolated mini-grids. The work is conceived into two main parts which deal with a theoretical and practical investigation aimed at providing contributions to the analysis concerning the economic feasibility of isolated mini-grid projects undertaken by private implementers. As a result of the recent increasing interest of the theme in the academic sector, the first part offers an initial in-depth capitalisation of the problem of access to energy with heed on the issue of rural electrification. The specific objective pursued by the first part concerns: to build a comprehensive business overview on factors that influence the financial feasibility of mini-grid systems, and that consequently strongly impact the process of tariff setting in terms of both payment structures and levels. To attain such aim, an extensive review of the scientific literature related to mini-grid delivery models is addressed by discussing separately ownership, financing, revenue collection models and generation technologies. The result lies in creating awareness on how project development choices affect its sustainability. Afterwards, regulatory schemes that might be adopted to control developer’s tariff and financial mechanisms bringing support to these projects are elucidated. The revision of regulatory economics and aid mechanisms support the introduction of a taxonomy of off-grid electricity tariffs regarding the aspects that weigh on payment structures and levels. The crux of the second part dwells on the development of a procedure. The declared specific objective chased by the model is: to put in place a regulatory regime for the estimation of total project costs and their translation into developer’s revenue requirements for the proposal of different structures and levels of electricity tariffs. The definition of the model is preceded by the suggestion of an itemised breakdown of costs which are typically associated to the establishment and operation of isolated mini-grids. The purpose here is to account and create awareness and knowledge in relation to all the potential expenses that might arise before and along these projects. The procedure envisages to bridge the gap in literature about the lack of a process of off-grid tariff setting and provide contributions to investment economic analysis of mini-grid systems. These insights are, in fact, significant supplements directed at boosting the involvement of new entities and the diffusion of mini-grid projects. The result of the application of the model permits to scrutiny tariffs structured differently according to the perspectives of users and the developer, and integrates an examination of the correlation between the levelized cost of electricity and the tariff level, as well as the impacts of financial support mechanisms.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/148550