Transport and flood defence infrastructures have been a crucial asset for the safety and the mobility of people. They have become vital for some countries to have and deal with. They are more crucial now than ever due to industrial and environmental developments. A relevant part of these geotechnical structures in Europe and overseas, especially in the Northern hemisphere, are built on soft organic soils, including a variety of soft organic clays and peats. Despite the fact that there have been geotechnical models suggested for soft soils, they were not able to represent this intricate soil behaviour fully. Due to this lack of comprehensive models for soil-structure interaction on soft soils, the assessment of these structures is not straightforward. In an attempt to evaluate the accuracy of the current models for the safety assessment of dykes on soft soils, Stowa, the foundation for research on regional dykes in the Netherlands, launched and supported a full scale test on a regional dyke in Kagerplassen, north of Leiden, which included observation of the pre-failure response and the design of its failure. To the aim of the research, the Waterboard HH Rijnland offered a historical dyke, closing a polder which had to be flooded to become a natural reserve area. To design the test, the site was thoroughly investigated by performing a number of cone penetration tests with pore pressure measurement, CPTu, and collecting undisturbed samples from different boreholes, from the crest and the toe of the existing dyke. Standard tests, including triaxial compression and shearing, oedometer compression and direct simple shear, were performed to characterise the soil behaviour of the layers. In addition, the state of the soil at the beginning of the test was described by means of information on the unit weight, the void ratio and the over-consolidation ratio, and the daily pore pressure distribution. The stress test started with excavation on the polder side of the foundation soil and included a sequence of 2 larger excavations and dewatering until failure eventually occurred during rapid drawdown at the toe of the existing dyke. During the test, displacements and pore water pressure were monitored, to provide information on the dyke response. All in all, the main aim of this thesis is to benchmark Mohr-Coulomb model for earth water retaining structures of organic clay and peat (soft soils) calibrated on laboratory tests currently employed in the practice, against the response of the geotechnical system as monitored in the field during this stress test. In fact, a comparison between these two will play the main role in the reliability of Mohr-Coulomb. This comparison is obtained by modelling and solving the domain and excavation steps through commercial finite element software (Abaqus) analyses after obtaining the soil parameters. Abaqus software package is employed to simulate initially the undrained behaviour of the domain and it will be sought to improve the results with hydro-mechanically coupled approach. Ultimately, the authors pursue to assess the reliability of Mohr-Coulomb (Linear Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Model) on peat and organic soils. Necessary comments on and further suggestions on this quest are provided.
Le infrastrutture di trasporto e di difesa dalle inondazioni sono state una risorsa fondamentale per la sicurezza e la mobilità delle persone. Per alcuni paesi esse sono diventate un elemento fondamentale con cui alcuni paesi devono avere a che fare. Sono più importanti che mai a causa degli sviluppi industriali e ambientali. Una parte rilevante di queste strutture geotecniche in Europa e all'estero, soprattutto nell'emisfero settentrionale, sono costruite su terreni organici e morbidi, tra cui una varietà di argille e torbe organiche morbide. Nonostante esistano modelli geotecnici suggeriti per i suoli soffici, essi non sono stati in grado di rappresentare pienamente questo complesso comportamento del suolo. A causa di questa mancanza di modelli completi per l'interazione suolo-struttura su terreni soffici, la valutazione di queste strutture non è semplice. Nel tentativo di valutare l'accuratezza degli attuali modelli per la valutazione della sicurezza delle dighe sui suoli soffici, Stowa, la fondazione per la ricerca sulle dighe regionali nei Paesi Bassi, ha lanciato e sostenuto un test su scala reale su una diga regionale a Kagerplassen, a nord di Leiden, che comprendeva l'osservazione della risposta pre-failure e la progettazione del suo fallimento. Ai fini della ricerca, il Waterboard HH Rijnland ha offerto una diga storica, chiudendo un polder che ha dovuto essere inondato per diventare un'area di riserva naturale. Per progettare la prova, il sito è stato accuratamente studiato eseguendo una serie di prove di penetrazione conica con misurazione della pressione dei pori, CPTu, e raccogliendo campioni indisturbati da diversi pozzi, dalla cresta e dalla punta della diga esistente. Per caratterizzare il comportamento del suolo degli strati sono state eseguite prove standard, tra cui la compressione e il taglio triassiale, la compressione edometrica e il taglio semplice diretto, per caratterizzare il comportamento del suolo degli strati. Inoltre, lo stato del suolo all'inizio della prova è stato descritto mediante informazioni sul peso unitario, il rapporto di vuoto e di sovraconsolidamento e la distribuzione giornaliera della pressione dei pori. La prova di sollecitazione è iniziata con lo scavo sul lato polder del terreno di fondazione e comprendeva una sequenza di 2 grandi scavi e disidratazione fino al cedimento durante il rapido prelievo in punta della diga esistente. Durante la prova, sono stati monitorati gli spostamenti e la pressione dell'acqua dei pori, per fornire informazioni sulla risposta della diga. Nel complesso, lo scopo principale di questa tesi è quello di confrontare il modello Mohr-Coulomb per le strutture di contenimento dell'acqua di terra di argilla organica e torba (suoli morbidi) calibrato su prove di laboratorio attualmente utilizzate nella pratica, rispetto alla risposta del sistema geotecnico come monitorato sul campo durante questa prova di stress. Infatti, un confronto tra questi due elementi giocherà il ruolo principale nell'affidabilità di Mohr-Coulomb. Questo confronto si ottiene modellando e risolvendo le fasi di scavo e di dominio attraverso analisi commerciali ad elementi finiti (Abaqus) dopo aver ottenuto i parametri del terreno. Il pacchetto software Abaqus viene utilizzato per simulare inizialmente il comportamento non drenato del dominio e si cercherà di migliorare i risultati con un approccio idromeccanicamente accoppiato. In definitiva, gli autori cercano di valutare l'affidabilità di Mohr-Coulomb (Linear Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Model) su terreni torbati e organici. Vengono forniti i commenti necessari e ulteriori suggerimenti su questa ricerca.
Failure and pre-failure behaviour of a dyke and reliability assessment of Mohr-Coulomb model on soft organic soils
DENEL, BUGRAHAN;
2018/2019
Abstract
Transport and flood defence infrastructures have been a crucial asset for the safety and the mobility of people. They have become vital for some countries to have and deal with. They are more crucial now than ever due to industrial and environmental developments. A relevant part of these geotechnical structures in Europe and overseas, especially in the Northern hemisphere, are built on soft organic soils, including a variety of soft organic clays and peats. Despite the fact that there have been geotechnical models suggested for soft soils, they were not able to represent this intricate soil behaviour fully. Due to this lack of comprehensive models for soil-structure interaction on soft soils, the assessment of these structures is not straightforward. In an attempt to evaluate the accuracy of the current models for the safety assessment of dykes on soft soils, Stowa, the foundation for research on regional dykes in the Netherlands, launched and supported a full scale test on a regional dyke in Kagerplassen, north of Leiden, which included observation of the pre-failure response and the design of its failure. To the aim of the research, the Waterboard HH Rijnland offered a historical dyke, closing a polder which had to be flooded to become a natural reserve area. To design the test, the site was thoroughly investigated by performing a number of cone penetration tests with pore pressure measurement, CPTu, and collecting undisturbed samples from different boreholes, from the crest and the toe of the existing dyke. Standard tests, including triaxial compression and shearing, oedometer compression and direct simple shear, were performed to characterise the soil behaviour of the layers. In addition, the state of the soil at the beginning of the test was described by means of information on the unit weight, the void ratio and the over-consolidation ratio, and the daily pore pressure distribution. The stress test started with excavation on the polder side of the foundation soil and included a sequence of 2 larger excavations and dewatering until failure eventually occurred during rapid drawdown at the toe of the existing dyke. During the test, displacements and pore water pressure were monitored, to provide information on the dyke response. All in all, the main aim of this thesis is to benchmark Mohr-Coulomb model for earth water retaining structures of organic clay and peat (soft soils) calibrated on laboratory tests currently employed in the practice, against the response of the geotechnical system as monitored in the field during this stress test. In fact, a comparison between these two will play the main role in the reliability of Mohr-Coulomb. This comparison is obtained by modelling and solving the domain and excavation steps through commercial finite element software (Abaqus) analyses after obtaining the soil parameters. Abaqus software package is employed to simulate initially the undrained behaviour of the domain and it will be sought to improve the results with hydro-mechanically coupled approach. Ultimately, the authors pursue to assess the reliability of Mohr-Coulomb (Linear Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Model) on peat and organic soils. Necessary comments on and further suggestions on this quest are provided.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/148769