This thesis was developed as conclusion of a double degree program between Politecnico di Milano (Materials Engineering and Nanotechnology) and KTH (Engineering Physics). The experiments were run in the labs of the Swedish national heritage board in Visby (Sweden), under the supervision of Marei Hacke, who coordinated the PhD project of Helen Wilson and proposed its follow-up. The project investigates the use of nanocellulose- and nanosilica-based dispersions for the consolidation of iron-tannate dyed textiles, whose degradation is an internationally recognized issue whose mechanism is still not clear and well-researched. The nanomaterials used were developed within the European project Nanorestart; isopropanol together with water was used as solvent in order to keep the advantages of the latter while minimizing its drawbacks. The materials were applied by nebulization in order to test a suitable method for delicate fragile objects. The project also aims at using the least amount of material to achieve consolidation. Different ageing regimes at the same relative humidity of museum environments were tested, including one at lower temperature and longer time to better resemble natural ageing. The first set of treatments did not provide the expected results because of the acidic environment and the small amount of material deposited, conditions which hindered the effectiveness of the consolidation; afterwards a new set of experiments was planned: a deacidifier was added aiming to a larger weight uptake in order to prove the consolidating effect of the nanomaterials also upon ageing. Deacidification and a proper weight uptake successfully slowed down the degradation and consolidated the textiles, and validated nebulization as a more controlled application method of these nanomaterials, especially on fragile delicate substrates. The project showed the possibility for nanosilica- and nanocellulose-based materials to be used for the consolidation of iron-tannate dyed textiles; silica nanoparticles functionalized with carbomethylcellulose and cellulose nanocrystals seemed to be the most promising materials for further studies using nebulization as application method. Nanoparticles of CaCO3 proved to be a successful deacidifier for the textiles, so their behavior upon different ageing conditions may be investigated in the future, as deacidification revealed to be necessary to have effective consolidation.
Il progetto di tesi è stato sviluppato a conclusione di un programma di doppia laurea fra Politecnico di Milano (Materials Engineering and Nanotechnology) e KTH (Engineering Physics). La parte sperimentale è stata svolta nei laboratori dello Swedish National Heritage Board a Visby (Svezia) sotto la supervisione di Marei Hacke, che ha coordinato il lavoro di dottorato di Helen Wilson e proposto la sua continuazione. Il progetto tratta dell'utilizzo di dispersioni a base di nanocellulosa e nanosilica per il consolidamento di tessuti tinti con ferro-tannini, la cui degradazione è un problema riconosciuto a livello internazionale ma ancora non pienamente chiarito. I nanomateriali usati sono stati sviluppati nell'ambito del progetto europeo Nanorestart; gli svantaggi dell'utilizzo di acqua come solvente sono stati mitigati con l'uso di isopropanolo in proporzioni uguali. I materiali sono stati applicati con un nebulizzatore per testare un metodo adatto a oggetti delicati e fragili. Scopo del progetto è anche quello di utilizzare il minimo quantitativo di materiale necessario al consolidamento. Sono stati utilizzati diversi regimi d'invecchiamento a umidità relativa simile ad ambienti museali, di cui uno a temperatura più bassa e tempi più lunghi in modo da avvicinarsi meglio alle condizioni d'invecchiamento naturale. La prima serie di trattamenti non ha fornito i risultati desiderati dato l'ambiente acido e la piccola quantità di materiale depositato, condizioni che hanno ostacolato l'efficacia del consolidamento; quindi una nuova serie di esperimenti è stata pianificata con l'aggiunta di un deacidificante e l'obiettivo di un maggior incremento in peso dei tessuti in modo da provare l'effetto consolidante dei nanomateriali anche a seguito dell'invecchiamento. La degradazione è stata rallentata dalla deacidificazione che, anche grazie a un incremento in peso appropriato, ha provato il consolidamento dei tessuti e validato la nebulizzazione come metodo di applicazione dei nanomateriali testati su substrati fragili e delicati. Nanoparticelle funzionalizzate con carbometilcellulosa e nanocristalli di cellulosa sembrano essere i materiali consolidanti più promettenti; le nanoparticelle di carbonato di calcio, invece, si sono rivelate un efficace deacidificante per i tessuti in studio, quindi utilizzabili per ulteriori studi data la necessità di un ambiente meno acido per un consolidamento efficace.
Nanomaterials for the consolidation of iron-tannate dyed textiles
PALLADINO, NICOLETTA
2018/2019
Abstract
This thesis was developed as conclusion of a double degree program between Politecnico di Milano (Materials Engineering and Nanotechnology) and KTH (Engineering Physics). The experiments were run in the labs of the Swedish national heritage board in Visby (Sweden), under the supervision of Marei Hacke, who coordinated the PhD project of Helen Wilson and proposed its follow-up. The project investigates the use of nanocellulose- and nanosilica-based dispersions for the consolidation of iron-tannate dyed textiles, whose degradation is an internationally recognized issue whose mechanism is still not clear and well-researched. The nanomaterials used were developed within the European project Nanorestart; isopropanol together with water was used as solvent in order to keep the advantages of the latter while minimizing its drawbacks. The materials were applied by nebulization in order to test a suitable method for delicate fragile objects. The project also aims at using the least amount of material to achieve consolidation. Different ageing regimes at the same relative humidity of museum environments were tested, including one at lower temperature and longer time to better resemble natural ageing. The first set of treatments did not provide the expected results because of the acidic environment and the small amount of material deposited, conditions which hindered the effectiveness of the consolidation; afterwards a new set of experiments was planned: a deacidifier was added aiming to a larger weight uptake in order to prove the consolidating effect of the nanomaterials also upon ageing. Deacidification and a proper weight uptake successfully slowed down the degradation and consolidated the textiles, and validated nebulization as a more controlled application method of these nanomaterials, especially on fragile delicate substrates. The project showed the possibility for nanosilica- and nanocellulose-based materials to be used for the consolidation of iron-tannate dyed textiles; silica nanoparticles functionalized with carbomethylcellulose and cellulose nanocrystals seemed to be the most promising materials for further studies using nebulization as application method. Nanoparticles of CaCO3 proved to be a successful deacidifier for the textiles, so their behavior upon different ageing conditions may be investigated in the future, as deacidification revealed to be necessary to have effective consolidation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/148917