One of the most essential subjects in the field of electrical engineering is the analysis of transmission lines (TL), due to the role they play in the transferral of energy and in the transmission of signals. Presently, the intensification of the necessity of large volume and high speed signal transmission brought to a progressive use of multiconductor transmission lines (MTL) consisting of more than two conductors. To assure a substantial performance of electric systems, the good state of the conductors is indispensable, therefore a recurrent inspection on their condition should be provided inasmuch as various anomalies, owing to several causes, may appear having untoward impact on the efficiency of the system. The main categories of faults in electrical wiring are two: hard fault, namely open and short circuit, and soft fault, such as frays, cracks, deterioration of the sheath, etc. Albeit soft fault are characterized by a slighter intensity regarding the damage produced on the wires, in the long run they might turn into hard fault. The aim of this work is to make use of a time reversal based technique, id est Time Reversal MUltiple Signal Classification (TR-MUSIC), for the detection and location of soft fault in MTL systems. Lately many methods have been developed for such purpose, for example Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR), showing good results, but presenting many limitations concerning soft faults due to the fact that they are difficult to detect because of their weak ampleness. Nevertheless, time reversal techniques presented better results round the detection and locations of soft faults. TR-MUSIC has been utilized for systems of transmission lines, and in this work it will be exploited for the analysis of MTL systems in presence of soft faults. The study of this particular system is focused on the coupling existing between neighbouring lines; the electromagnetic fields associated with a particular conductor interact with the surrounding lines, and this phenomenon is referred to as crosstalk. As a matter of fact, one of the main purposes of this work is to analyze what kind of effects the crosstalk can have on the performance of TR-MUSIC through the model adopted for MTL and to compare the results with the TL system, highlighting the possible advantages and disadvantages. Simple configurations will be examined for the determination of a global model, to then move on realistic cases incorporating losses and considering structures featuring mismatched sources and loads. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and theory background, focusing on the main features of TR-MUSIC. Its application to the systems of MTL is analyzed in chapter 2 for the ideal lossless case, showing good results and considerable versatility for this particular systems, achieving ameliorations with respect to the traditional technique. A more accurate analysis is carried out in chapter 3, considering the overall properties of MTL, i.e. taking into account the losses: the model is assessed in a finer way through the limits imposed by the MTL theory, thus other considerations are formulated in order to exploit advantageously this method and to obtain good results in the considered ranges. Chapter 4 is centred on the performance of TR-MUSIC in the presence of mismatched loads, which generates multiple reflections that can present negative repercussions. The baselining approach is generally used for these cases, and its formulation is further extended in this work for the MTL systems. In spite of a reduction in terms of accuracy, the method still provides reliable results. The latter analysis may be one of the possible cases which can be studied to obtain ulterior improvements on TR-MUSIC performances.
Uno degli argomenti essenziali nel settore dell’ingegneria elettrica è l’analisi delle linee di trasmissione (TL), importanza dovuta al ruolo che rivestono nel trasferimento di energia e nella trasmissione di segnali. Al giorno d’oggi vi è una progressiva richiesta di linee di trasmissione che utilizzano un maggior numero di conduttori (MTL) per motivi legati ad esigenze di volume e di trasmissione di segnali ad alta velocità. Il corretto funzionamento dei conduttori è indispensabile al fine di garantire considerevoli prestazioni di un sistema elettrico, pertanto una frequente manutenzione è richiesta poiché potrebbero presentarsi diversi malfunzionamenti, dovuti ad innumerevoli cause, portando ad effetti indesiderati ed un calo d’efficienza del sistema. I diversi tipi di guasti possono essere raggruppati in due principali categorie: “hard”, vale a dire corto circuito e circuito aperto, e “soft”, ad esempio crepe, deterioramento dei materiali, ecc. Sebbene i guasti “soft” siano caratterizzati da danni che possono essere considerati lievi, a lungo andare possono trasformarsi in guasti “hard”. Lo scopo principale di questo lavoro è quello di utilizzare un sistema basato sull’inversione temporale, id est Time Reversal Multiple Signal Classification (TR-MUSIC), per individuare l’eventuale presenza di guasti “soft” e i punti del conduttore lungo i quali si sono verificati in un sistema di MTL. Negli ultimi decenni sono stati sviluppati dei metodi con questo preciso scopo, sia nel dominio del tempo che nel dominio delle frequenze, mostrando buoni risultati, ma limitati dal punto di vista dei guasti “soft” a causa del fatto che sono difficili da individuare per la loro bassa ampiezza. Tuttavia, tecniche basate sull’inversione temporale presentano risultati migliori. TR-MUSIC è stata utilizzata per sistemi di linee di trasmissione, ed in questo lavoro verrà sfruttata per l’analisi di sistemi a multiconduttori che presentano guasti “soft”. Lo studio di questo particolare sistema è centrato sull’accoppiamento tra attigui conduttori; i campi elettromagnetici associati ad un particolare conduttore interagiscono con i conduttori circostanti, e questo fenomeno è chiamato crosstalk. Infatti, uno dei principali scopi di questo lavoro è analizzare in che modo il crosstalk influisce sulle prestazioni di TR-MUSIC attraverso il modello utilizzato per i sistemi MTL e confrontare i risultati con i sistemi TL, evidenziando i possibili vantaggi e svantaggi. Semplici configurazioni verranno esaminate in modo da ricavare un modello globale, per poi analizzare casi realistici considerando le perdite e sistemi caratterizzati da carichi e sorgenti no bilanciati. Il capitolo 1 fornisce una introduzione e le nozioni teoriche, sottolineando gli aspetti chiave di TR-MUSIC. Nel capitolo 2 verrà applicato ad un sistema di MTL per un caso ideale senza perdite, mostrando buoni risultati e una ragguardevole versatilità per questo particolare sistema, ottenendo miglioramenti rispetto al metodo tradizionale. Una analisi più accurata viene affrontata nel capitolo 3, considerando le proprietà complessive di MTL, vale a dire tenendo conto delle perdite: il modello viene valutato in modo più preciso tenendo conto dei limiti imposti dalla teoria di MTL, e quindi altre considerazioni vengono formulate per valorizzare in modo vantaggioso questo metodo ed ottenere risultati positivi negli intervalli considerati. Il capitolo 4 si focalizza sulla applicazione di questo modello in presenza di carichi non bilanciati, motivo per il quale sono presenti riflessioni multiple, le quali possono avere ripercussioni negative. In questi casi viene utilizzato il metodo del baselining, la cui formulazione viene estesa per i sistemi di MTL. Malgrado una riduzione in termini di accuratezza, il modello fornisce comunque buoni risultati. Quest’ultima analisi rappresenta uno dei casi particolari il cui studio può portare ad ulteriori perfezionamenti sul rendimento di TR-MUSIC.
TR-MUSIC applications to MTL networks for soft fault detection and location
CACCAVELLA, PIETRO
2018/2019
Abstract
One of the most essential subjects in the field of electrical engineering is the analysis of transmission lines (TL), due to the role they play in the transferral of energy and in the transmission of signals. Presently, the intensification of the necessity of large volume and high speed signal transmission brought to a progressive use of multiconductor transmission lines (MTL) consisting of more than two conductors. To assure a substantial performance of electric systems, the good state of the conductors is indispensable, therefore a recurrent inspection on their condition should be provided inasmuch as various anomalies, owing to several causes, may appear having untoward impact on the efficiency of the system. The main categories of faults in electrical wiring are two: hard fault, namely open and short circuit, and soft fault, such as frays, cracks, deterioration of the sheath, etc. Albeit soft fault are characterized by a slighter intensity regarding the damage produced on the wires, in the long run they might turn into hard fault. The aim of this work is to make use of a time reversal based technique, id est Time Reversal MUltiple Signal Classification (TR-MUSIC), for the detection and location of soft fault in MTL systems. Lately many methods have been developed for such purpose, for example Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR), showing good results, but presenting many limitations concerning soft faults due to the fact that they are difficult to detect because of their weak ampleness. Nevertheless, time reversal techniques presented better results round the detection and locations of soft faults. TR-MUSIC has been utilized for systems of transmission lines, and in this work it will be exploited for the analysis of MTL systems in presence of soft faults. The study of this particular system is focused on the coupling existing between neighbouring lines; the electromagnetic fields associated with a particular conductor interact with the surrounding lines, and this phenomenon is referred to as crosstalk. As a matter of fact, one of the main purposes of this work is to analyze what kind of effects the crosstalk can have on the performance of TR-MUSIC through the model adopted for MTL and to compare the results with the TL system, highlighting the possible advantages and disadvantages. Simple configurations will be examined for the determination of a global model, to then move on realistic cases incorporating losses and considering structures featuring mismatched sources and loads. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and theory background, focusing on the main features of TR-MUSIC. Its application to the systems of MTL is analyzed in chapter 2 for the ideal lossless case, showing good results and considerable versatility for this particular systems, achieving ameliorations with respect to the traditional technique. A more accurate analysis is carried out in chapter 3, considering the overall properties of MTL, i.e. taking into account the losses: the model is assessed in a finer way through the limits imposed by the MTL theory, thus other considerations are formulated in order to exploit advantageously this method and to obtain good results in the considered ranges. Chapter 4 is centred on the performance of TR-MUSIC in the presence of mismatched loads, which generates multiple reflections that can present negative repercussions. The baselining approach is generally used for these cases, and its formulation is further extended in this work for the MTL systems. In spite of a reduction in terms of accuracy, the method still provides reliable results. The latter analysis may be one of the possible cases which can be studied to obtain ulterior improvements on TR-MUSIC performances.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Pietro Caccavella's Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/148949