Trees stability is a big problem that must be considered in an optic of risk mitigation, considering the consequences caused by the failure of a tree after a storm event. Risk is intended with its mathematical concept, that is the product between hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. This work is inserted in the field of risk mitigation because tree stability is studied with an engineering approach; up to now, it was studied only by the agronomist, professional in agronomic and agricultural field. This work can be divided into three parts. The first part considers old works in order to frame the problem and its causes. It is also done, in this phase, a description of the principal tests used to determine tree stability and give a safety factor. These tests are used, usually, in the agronomic field and they are developed during the years, making different experiments and studying different results. In the second part, the work enters detail. Starting from the experiment done with pulling-out tests from the agency “AgroService”, the moment-rotation curves are computed of each test. Very important are the tests that are done in Mantova, which are seen during the performance. The results of M-θ curves are necessary in order to individuate important consequences as limit bending moment, using Wessolly’s formula, starting stiffness, load velocity and inclination velocity. Successively, mathematical functions are applied to each test, an exponential function and a hyperbolic one are applied. Usually, these functions are used to interpolate this typology of curves in the structural engineering field. From now, an engineering approach is developed, the agronomic field is not used for a moment. A numerical model is then applied. This model is based on the macro-element theory proposed by Nova and Montrasio, that studies a soil-structure interaction. For this reason, trees are interpreted as structures that are related to the terrain with a shallow foundation. The comparison between the numerical model and the results of the tests on the field is done. Unfortunately, the results are not similar, it is not possible to interpolate the real curves with the numerical model based on the theory of Nova and Montrasio. A modification of the model is necessary at this point. Fortunately, another theory of macro-element for towers under horizontal loads comes in help. The theory has been developed in last years from Pisanò, di Prisco and Lancellota. This theory starts from the fundamental concepts of the macro-element to describes another typology of foundations, that are characterized by a high over-structure with circular foundations. A sensitivity analysis is now necessary in order to find the fundamental parameters on which the code is based that describe in the best way the model. The final aim is to have a precise interpolation between the model and the real tests. Finally, it is possible to register a good and precise interpolation, validating the initial aims, that was the idea of finding a numerical model that should describe the problem of the overturning of the trees.
La stabilità degli alberi è un grosso problema che deve essere considerato in un’ottica di mitigazione del rischio, per via delle conseguenze che si hanno con la caduta di un albero dopo una tempesta. Rischio inteso con il suo concetto matematico, ovverosia il prodotto tra azzardo, vulnerabilità ed esposizione. Questo lavoro si inserisce nell’ambito della mitigazione del rischio, perché la stabilità degli alberi viene studiata con un approccio ingegneristico, quando, fino ad ora, è stata studiata solo dagli agronomi, professionisti dell’ambito agronomo e agricolo. Questo lavoro si può principalmente dividere in tre parti. Nella prima parte si sono considerati vecchi lavori per individuare il problema e quelle che sono le cause dello stesso. In questa fase si fa, anche, una descrizione dei principali test eseguiti sugli alberi per determinarne la stabilità, con la stima di un fattore di sicurezza. Questi test si usano solitamente in campo agronomico e sono stati sviluppati nel corso della storia eseguendo diversi esperimenti. Nella seconda parte si entra nel vivo del lavoro. Partendo da esperimenti di prove di trazione forniti dall’azienda “AgroService”, si calcolano le curve momento-rotazione dei test. Tra queste assumono molta importanza quelle studiate presso Mantova, di cui si è assistito. Dalle curve M-θ si possono ottenere dei risultati interessanti, come il momento limite, usando le formule di Wessolly, rigidezza iniziale, velocità di carico e di inclinazione. Per ogni test, successivamente, si sono applicate delle formule matematiche, una esponenziale e una iperbolica che solitamente si applicano a queste tipologie di curve nel campo dell’ingegneria strutturale. Con questa interpolazione, di fatto, si inizia a ragionare in un’ottica puramente ingegneristica, abbandonando per un attimo il campo agronomico. Con questo approccio ingegneristico si è potuto applicare un modello numerico. Tale modello è basato sulla teoria di Nova e Montrasio sul macro-elemento, ovvero lo studio dell’interazione tra suolo e struttura. Ciò ha permesso di interpretare gli alberi come una struttura, legati a terra attraverso una fondazione superficiale. Tuttavia, attraverso il confronto tra i risultati dei test eseguiti sul campo e il modello numerico sviluppato, si è osservato che così come la teoria di Nova e Montrasio vorrebbe, non si riescono ad interpolare le curve ottenute nella realtà. Una modifica al modello del macro-elemento si è resa necessaria. Fortunatamente corre in aiuto la teoria del macro-elemento per le torri sotto carico orizzontale, sviluppata negli ultimi anni da Di Prisco, Pisanò e Lancellotta. Tale teoria parte dai concetti fondamentali del macro-elemento per descrivere un caso di fondazioni diverse, caratterizzate da un’alta struttura e da fondazione circolare. A questo punto una analisi di sensitività si è resa necessaria per trovare i parametri fondamentali che potessero descrivere al meglio il modello, così da avere un’interpolazione molto precisa. Finalmente si è riusciti ad avere una interpolazione precisa, confermando gli obiettivi iniziali che erano quelli di individuare un modello che potesse descrivere il problema del ribaltamento degli alberi.
Stability assessment of trees : actual methods and numerical models development
GERONIMI, SIMONE
2018/2019
Abstract
Trees stability is a big problem that must be considered in an optic of risk mitigation, considering the consequences caused by the failure of a tree after a storm event. Risk is intended with its mathematical concept, that is the product between hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. This work is inserted in the field of risk mitigation because tree stability is studied with an engineering approach; up to now, it was studied only by the agronomist, professional in agronomic and agricultural field. This work can be divided into three parts. The first part considers old works in order to frame the problem and its causes. It is also done, in this phase, a description of the principal tests used to determine tree stability and give a safety factor. These tests are used, usually, in the agronomic field and they are developed during the years, making different experiments and studying different results. In the second part, the work enters detail. Starting from the experiment done with pulling-out tests from the agency “AgroService”, the moment-rotation curves are computed of each test. Very important are the tests that are done in Mantova, which are seen during the performance. The results of M-θ curves are necessary in order to individuate important consequences as limit bending moment, using Wessolly’s formula, starting stiffness, load velocity and inclination velocity. Successively, mathematical functions are applied to each test, an exponential function and a hyperbolic one are applied. Usually, these functions are used to interpolate this typology of curves in the structural engineering field. From now, an engineering approach is developed, the agronomic field is not used for a moment. A numerical model is then applied. This model is based on the macro-element theory proposed by Nova and Montrasio, that studies a soil-structure interaction. For this reason, trees are interpreted as structures that are related to the terrain with a shallow foundation. The comparison between the numerical model and the results of the tests on the field is done. Unfortunately, the results are not similar, it is not possible to interpolate the real curves with the numerical model based on the theory of Nova and Montrasio. A modification of the model is necessary at this point. Fortunately, another theory of macro-element for towers under horizontal loads comes in help. The theory has been developed in last years from Pisanò, di Prisco and Lancellota. This theory starts from the fundamental concepts of the macro-element to describes another typology of foundations, that are characterized by a high over-structure with circular foundations. A sensitivity analysis is now necessary in order to find the fundamental parameters on which the code is based that describe in the best way the model. The final aim is to have a precise interpolation between the model and the real tests. Finally, it is possible to register a good and precise interpolation, validating the initial aims, that was the idea of finding a numerical model that should describe the problem of the overturning of the trees.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_SimoneGeronimi.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Descrizione: Testo della tesi di laurea Magistrale
Dimensione
6.83 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
6.83 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/149176