In this thesis, I focus on the effects of spatial confinement on charge order in YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO), studied with Resonant X-Ray Scattering (RXS). YBCO belongs to the family of cuprate superconductors, among which it probably represents the most studied example. Cuprates are a class of ceramic materials, famous for exhibiting superconducting properties at temperatures above the limits imposed by BCS theory, formulated in the ’50s by Bardeen, Schrieffer and Cooper. This is, however, not the only peculiarity of these crystals, which display other electronic properties not explained by the standard band-theory: among them, indeed, the presence of spatial modulations of electronic charge with a period not commensurate to the underlying lattice. These can be detected by the use of resonant x-ray scattering at Copper L3 edge. The importance of such charge density waves resides in the fact that they exhibit a clear competition with superconductivity at low temperatures. This evidence encouraged the scientific community to perform a series of experiments devoted to understanding the nature and the characteristics of this charge order. The hope is to find, in this phenomenon, the key to explain the microscopic origin of superconductivity in this class of materials. This dissertation fits precisely in this context. The thesis work, prominently experimental, is based on two RXS experiments performed at beamline UE46-PGM1 at Bessy II synchrotron facility. The first of them, held in January 2019, probed nanopatterned samples of YBCO; the second one, in which I participated, used thin films of the same material grown along [100] direction. In both cases the CuO2 planes are then confined: in the former by the geometry of the structure, in the latter by the film thickness. Acquired data has been subsequently analysed and compared to some numerical simulations. They show a clear reduction in the charge order signal when the dimension of a-b planes is shrunk down to some hundreds of nanometers. This is interesting, since the correlation length of such modulations is lower than 10 nm. This result, which needs further confirmation, seems to suggest that charge order is sensitive to phenomena taking place at the mesoscale.
Il presente lavoro di tesi riguarda l’analisi degli effetti di confinamento spaziale sull’ordine di carica nell’ YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) mediante Resonant X-Ray Scattering (RXS). L’YBCO appartiene alla famiglia dei cuprati superconduttori, di cui rappresenta probabilmente l’esempio più studiato. I cuprati sono una classe di materiali ceramici famosi per esibire proprietà superconduttive a temperature molto più alte di quelle previste dalla teoria BCS, elaborata negli anni ’50 da Bardeen, Schrieffer e Cooper. Questa, tuttavia, non è l’unica peculiarità di questi materiali, che possiedono altre proprietà elettroniche non spiegabili attraverso l’ordinaria teoria delle bande: tra questi, appunto, la presenza di modulazioni spaziali della carica nei piani di CuO2 con periodo incommensurato al reticolo cristallino. Tali onde possono essere osservate mediante l’utilizzo di scattering risonante di raggi X all’edge L3 del rame. L’importanza di tali fluttuazioni di carica risiede nel fatto che esse manifestano una chiara competizione con la superconduttività alle basse temperature: tale scoperta ha motivato negli ultimi anni la comunità scientifica a svolgere una serie di esperimenti volti a comprendere la natura e le caratteristiche di quest’ordine di carica. La speranza è quella di poter trovare in questo fenomeno la chiave per spiegare l’origine microscopica della superconduttività in questa classe di materiali. L’elaborato di tesi si inserisce appieno in questo contesto. Il lavoro, di carattere sperimentale, è basato su due esperimenti di RXS effettuati presso la beamline UE46- PGM1 del sincrotrone Bessy II. Il primo, tenutosi a Gennaio 2019, ha riguardato lo studio di campioni nanopatternati di YBCO orientato lungo l’asse c; il secondo, a cui ho attivamente partecipato, ha utilizzato film sottili dello stesso materiale orientati lungo la direzione [100]. In entrambi gli esperimenti, quindi, i piani di CuO2 risultano confinati: nel primo caso dalla geometria della struttura, nel secondo dallo spessore del film. Le misure raccolte sono state in seguito analizzate e confrontate con alcune simulazioni. I dati mostrano una chiara riduzione del segnale di Charge Order già quando le dimensioni dei piani a-b del campione vengono ridotte fino a qualche centinaio di nanometri. Tale evidenza è inaspettata, dal momento che la lunghezza di correlazione di queste modulazioni non supera i 10 nm. Questo risultato, che necessita di future conferme, sembra suggerire che il charge order sia sensibile ad effetti che hanno luogo su scala mesoscopica.
Effects of spatial confinement on charge order in YBa2Cu3O7-x studied by resonant X-ray scattering
MARTINELLI, LEONARDO
2018/2019
Abstract
In this thesis, I focus on the effects of spatial confinement on charge order in YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO), studied with Resonant X-Ray Scattering (RXS). YBCO belongs to the family of cuprate superconductors, among which it probably represents the most studied example. Cuprates are a class of ceramic materials, famous for exhibiting superconducting properties at temperatures above the limits imposed by BCS theory, formulated in the ’50s by Bardeen, Schrieffer and Cooper. This is, however, not the only peculiarity of these crystals, which display other electronic properties not explained by the standard band-theory: among them, indeed, the presence of spatial modulations of electronic charge with a period not commensurate to the underlying lattice. These can be detected by the use of resonant x-ray scattering at Copper L3 edge. The importance of such charge density waves resides in the fact that they exhibit a clear competition with superconductivity at low temperatures. This evidence encouraged the scientific community to perform a series of experiments devoted to understanding the nature and the characteristics of this charge order. The hope is to find, in this phenomenon, the key to explain the microscopic origin of superconductivity in this class of materials. This dissertation fits precisely in this context. The thesis work, prominently experimental, is based on two RXS experiments performed at beamline UE46-PGM1 at Bessy II synchrotron facility. The first of them, held in January 2019, probed nanopatterned samples of YBCO; the second one, in which I participated, used thin films of the same material grown along [100] direction. In both cases the CuO2 planes are then confined: in the former by the geometry of the structure, in the latter by the film thickness. Acquired data has been subsequently analysed and compared to some numerical simulations. They show a clear reduction in the charge order signal when the dimension of a-b planes is shrunk down to some hundreds of nanometers. This is interesting, since the correlation length of such modulations is lower than 10 nm. This result, which needs further confirmation, seems to suggest that charge order is sensitive to phenomena taking place at the mesoscale.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/149517