The problem of global warming is nowadays one of the main topics of interest worldwide. The fundamental role that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are having in this regard is recognized by almost the entire scientific community. For many years the European Union has tried to mitigate these emissions and for this purpose have been set targets to be reached by 2030. Transport sector is one of the most responsible for CO2 emissions and it is the only one of these that appears to have a growing trend. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate through a technical analysis that a system that captures part of the CO2 from the gases emitted by vehicles on the road can be feasible and that, in some circumstances, it can establish itself as a valid alternative to more accredited technologies such as those of vehicles electric and hybrid. Two distinct categories of vehicles were therefore considered, those with a mass lower than 3.5 tons and those with a higher mass. The analysis was developed starting from the data on consumption and emissions obtained through the creation of an Excel model applied to the WLTP homologation cycle for light duty vehicles and the use of the VECTO software, specifically created by the European Union, for heavy duty vehicles. After a bibliographic research work on the CO2 capture methods studied to date, three different cases have been developed, each of them characterized by a different capture technology. As a first option it was decided to use a system based on chemical absorption with MEA dissolved in water at 30% by weight, exploiting the heat made available by the exhaust gases as a source to regenerate the solvent. Furthermore, with the help of REFPROP, the energy input required to compress the CO2 stream to be sent to the tank was evaluated. The alternative solutions are based on a common principle, namely that of not carrying out regeneration on board the vehicle, but provide for a replacement of the saturated solvent with a regenerated one at the filling station. Absorption via MEA and adsorption via Mg-MOF-74 were evaluated on this principle. It emerged that the capture of 10% CO2 on vehicles is feasible and that the solution of the first case is the best from the point of view of the bulk and the masses involved, but also that with greater energy demand. The solution with Mg-MOF-74 provides a valid alternative especially in the application on light duty vehicles where the involved volumes are reduced and the plant simplicity could play a key role in the choice of the system.
Il problema del surriscaldamento globale è oggigiorno uno dei principali argomenti di interesse a livello mondiale. È riconosciuto da quasi l’intera comunità scientifica il ruolo fondamentale che stanno avendo in tal senso le emissioni antropiche di gas a effetto serra. Da molti anni l’Unione Europea si è schierata in prima linea nel tentativo di mitigare queste emissioni e a tal scopo sono stati posti degli obiettivi da raggiungere entro il 2030. Uno dei settori maggiormente responsabili delle emissioni di CO2 è quello dei trasporti ed è l’unico tra questi che risulta avere un trend in continua crescita. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di dimostrare tramite un’analisi tecnica che un sistema che catturi parte della CO2 dai gas emessi dai veicoli su strada possa essere realizzabile e che in alcune circostanze possa affermarsi come valida alternativa a tecnologie più accreditate come quelle dei veicoli elettrici e ibridi. Sono quindi state prese in considerazione due categorie distinte di veicoli, quelli con massa inferiore alle 3,5 tonnellate e quelli con massa superiore. L’analisi è stata sviluppata a partire dai dati sui consumi e sulle emissioni ottenuti tramite la creazione di un modello su Excel applicato al ciclo di omologazione WLTP per i veicoli leggeri e tramite l’utilizzo del software VECTO, creato appositamente dall’Unione Europea, per i veicoli pesanti. Dopo un lavoro di ricerca bibliografica sulle metodologie di cattura della CO2 ad oggi studiate, sono stati sviluppati tre casi differenti, ognuno dei quali caratterizzato da una diversa tecnologia di cattura. Come prima opzione si è pensato di utilizzare un sistema basato sull’assorbimento chimico con MEA disciolta in acqua al 30% in peso, sfruttando il calore reso disponibile dai gas di scarico come fonte per rigenerare il solvente. Inoltre con l’ausilio di REFPROP è stato valutato l’apporto energetico necessario per la compressione della corrente di CO2 da inviare al serbatoio. Le soluzioni alternative, si basano su un principio comune, ovvero quello di non effettuare la rigenerazione a bordo del veicolo, ma prevedere un ricambio del solvente saturo con uno rigenerato alla stazione di rifornimento. Su questo principio sono state valutate l’assorbimento tramite MEA e l’adsorbimento tramite Mg-MOF-74. È emerso che la cattura di CO2 al 10% sui veicoli è realizzabile e che la soluzione del primo caso sia la migliore dal punto di vista dell’ingombro e delle masse coinvolte, ma anche quella con maggior richiesta energetica. La soluzione con Mg-MOF-74 fornisce una valida alternativa specialmente nell’applicazione su veicoli leggeri dove i volumi coinvolti sono ridotti e la semplicità impiantistica potrebbe giocare un ruolo chiave nella scelta del sistema.
Analisi e simulazione di sistemi di cattura della CO2 post-combustione a bordo di automobili e veicoli pesanti
RIVA, DAVIDE
2018/2019
Abstract
The problem of global warming is nowadays one of the main topics of interest worldwide. The fundamental role that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are having in this regard is recognized by almost the entire scientific community. For many years the European Union has tried to mitigate these emissions and for this purpose have been set targets to be reached by 2030. Transport sector is one of the most responsible for CO2 emissions and it is the only one of these that appears to have a growing trend. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate through a technical analysis that a system that captures part of the CO2 from the gases emitted by vehicles on the road can be feasible and that, in some circumstances, it can establish itself as a valid alternative to more accredited technologies such as those of vehicles electric and hybrid. Two distinct categories of vehicles were therefore considered, those with a mass lower than 3.5 tons and those with a higher mass. The analysis was developed starting from the data on consumption and emissions obtained through the creation of an Excel model applied to the WLTP homologation cycle for light duty vehicles and the use of the VECTO software, specifically created by the European Union, for heavy duty vehicles. After a bibliographic research work on the CO2 capture methods studied to date, three different cases have been developed, each of them characterized by a different capture technology. As a first option it was decided to use a system based on chemical absorption with MEA dissolved in water at 30% by weight, exploiting the heat made available by the exhaust gases as a source to regenerate the solvent. Furthermore, with the help of REFPROP, the energy input required to compress the CO2 stream to be sent to the tank was evaluated. The alternative solutions are based on a common principle, namely that of not carrying out regeneration on board the vehicle, but provide for a replacement of the saturated solvent with a regenerated one at the filling station. Absorption via MEA and adsorption via Mg-MOF-74 were evaluated on this principle. It emerged that the capture of 10% CO2 on vehicles is feasible and that the solution of the first case is the best from the point of view of the bulk and the masses involved, but also that with greater energy demand. The solution with Mg-MOF-74 provides a valid alternative especially in the application on light duty vehicles where the involved volumes are reduced and the plant simplicity could play a key role in the choice of the system.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/149577