Manufacturing offshoring has been the most effective strategy implemented by firms to gain and maintain competitive advantage for decades. However, this phenomenon is recently moving towards equilibrium, the so called Zero Net Offshoring. Indeed, firms have begun to modify their internationalization strategies and choose to undertake Reshoring initiatives that consist in the generic change of location with respect to a previous offshore country. According to the nature of the destination country, the Relocation of Second Degree (RSD) can take the form of Relocation to Home Country (RHC) or Relocation to Third Country (RTC). Offshoring operations imply not only benefits but also risks. Additionally, they affect the business environment of the countries involved in the process, clearly having an impact on the national workforce. Whereas, Reshoring initiatives are expected to revitalize the employment, partially bringing back jobs that have been previously offshored. The goal of our research is to analyze how the intensity of RSDs, expressed in terms of jobs lost in the First Host Country (B), is affected by different Country Specific Factors (CSFs) that characterize Country B’s business environment. In the first two chapters of this dissertation, a review of the extant literature regarding the Offshoring and Reshoring theory and their connections with the employment is proposed. Afterwards, through the adoption of the Dual Double Diamond as a framework of reference, we discuss the relationship between the job reduction and the CSFs. The next two chapters concentrate on the data analysis, first with the descriptive statistics, and secondly by implementing the regression model. The econometric analysis is performed on data coming from the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM). The sample is composed by 281 observations of intra-EU relocations occurred in the period 2002-2018. The results obtained highlighted that the job reduction related to RSDs is lighter if Country B’s business environment is characterized by a high degree of R&D expenditures, a skilled workforce, a flexible labor market and substantial labor taxes. Similarly, when host countries present a decreasing level of wages and high percentage of immigrants with respect to emigrants, the jobs relocated are lower. In addition, a further evidence is provided, supporting the fact that Industry 4.0 policies and trade openness soften the intensity of the RSDs for medium-to-high tech firms and for medium-to-low tech firms respectively.
Per decenni l’Offshoring della produzione è stato una delle più efficaci strategie implementate dalle aziende per sviluppare e mantenere un vantaggio competitivo. Tuttavia, recentemente questo fenomeno si sta muovendo verso l’equilibrio, chiamato Zero Net Offshoring. Infatti, le aziende hanno cominciato a modificare le loro strategie di internazionalizzazione, scegliendo di intraprendere iniziative di Reshoring, che consistono in un generico cambio di sede rispetto al paese ospitante il precedente sito produttivo. A seconda della natura del paese di destinazione, la Rilocazione di Secondo Livello (RSL) può assumere la forma di Rilocazione verso il Paese d’Origine (RPO), o di Rilocazione verso un Terzo Paese (RTP). Le aziende che intraprendono operazioni di Offshoring non traggono solo benefici, ma sono anche esposte a dei rischi. Inoltre, queste iniziative influenzano il contesto economico dei paesi coinvolti nel processo, impattando chiaramente la forza lavoro locale. D’altro canto, ci si aspetta invece che le operazioni di Reshoring possano revitalizzare l’occupazione, riportando in patria parte dei posti di lavoro precedentemente delocalizzati. L’obiettivo della nostra ricerca è analizzare come l’intensità delle RSL, espressa in termini di posti di lavoro persi nel Primo Paese Ospite (B), è influenzata da diversi Fattori Specifici di Paese (FSP), che caratterizzano il contesto economico del Paese B. Nei primi due capitoli di questa dissertazione viene proposta una revisione della precedente letteratura riguardante le teorie di Offshoring e Reshoring e i loro legami con l’occupazione. Successivamente, attraverso l’adozione del Dual Double Diamond come modello di riferimento, vengono trattate le relazioni che crediamo esistere tra l’impatto occupazionale e i FSP. I due capitoli successivi si concentrano sull’analisi dei dati, in primo luogo attraverso una statistica descrittiva e in seguito implementando un modello di regressione. L’analisi econometrica è svolta su dati provenienti dallo European Restructuring Monitor (ERM). Il campione è composto da 281 osservazioni di rilocazioni all’interno dei confini dell’UE, avvenute nel periodo 2002-2018. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che l’impatto occupazionale causato da RSL è minore se il contesto economico del Paese B è caratterizzato da: un alto livello di investimenti in ricerca e sviluppo, una manodopera qualificata, un mercato del lavoro flessibile e consistenti tassazioni sul lavoro. Allo stesso modo, quando nel paese ospite vi è una diminuzione del livello dei salari e un’alta percentuale di immigrati rispetto agli emigrati, l’impatto occupazionale è minore. In aggiunta, è fornito un ulteriore riscontro a supporto del fatto che le iniziative di Industria 4.0 e l’apertura commerciale del Paese B limitino l’intensità delle RSL rispettivamente per aziende caratterizzate da medio-alto e medio-basso livello tecnologico.
Reshoring and employment : how policy makers can protect the domestic workforce from job relocations
SIRTORI, DANIELE;SPREAFICO, MADDALENA
2018/2019
Abstract
Manufacturing offshoring has been the most effective strategy implemented by firms to gain and maintain competitive advantage for decades. However, this phenomenon is recently moving towards equilibrium, the so called Zero Net Offshoring. Indeed, firms have begun to modify their internationalization strategies and choose to undertake Reshoring initiatives that consist in the generic change of location with respect to a previous offshore country. According to the nature of the destination country, the Relocation of Second Degree (RSD) can take the form of Relocation to Home Country (RHC) or Relocation to Third Country (RTC). Offshoring operations imply not only benefits but also risks. Additionally, they affect the business environment of the countries involved in the process, clearly having an impact on the national workforce. Whereas, Reshoring initiatives are expected to revitalize the employment, partially bringing back jobs that have been previously offshored. The goal of our research is to analyze how the intensity of RSDs, expressed in terms of jobs lost in the First Host Country (B), is affected by different Country Specific Factors (CSFs) that characterize Country B’s business environment. In the first two chapters of this dissertation, a review of the extant literature regarding the Offshoring and Reshoring theory and their connections with the employment is proposed. Afterwards, through the adoption of the Dual Double Diamond as a framework of reference, we discuss the relationship between the job reduction and the CSFs. The next two chapters concentrate on the data analysis, first with the descriptive statistics, and secondly by implementing the regression model. The econometric analysis is performed on data coming from the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM). The sample is composed by 281 observations of intra-EU relocations occurred in the period 2002-2018. The results obtained highlighted that the job reduction related to RSDs is lighter if Country B’s business environment is characterized by a high degree of R&D expenditures, a skilled workforce, a flexible labor market and substantial labor taxes. Similarly, when host countries present a decreasing level of wages and high percentage of immigrants with respect to emigrants, the jobs relocated are lower. In addition, a further evidence is provided, supporting the fact that Industry 4.0 policies and trade openness soften the intensity of the RSDs for medium-to-high tech firms and for medium-to-low tech firms respectively.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2019_10_Sirtori_Spreafico.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Testo della tesi
Dimensione
2.52 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.52 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/149623