In the last hundred years China undertook the quickest and probably most significant transformation in the whole human history. A process that put together the leftovers of monarchy and European colonization and brought the most populated country to be the second largest economy in the world for nominal GDP (International Monetary Fund, 2018). Obviously, this was not only an economic miracle but a complex process of social and political reorganization. The core of this revolution has always been Tiananmen Square, a huge urban void at the centre of Beijing, that defined the fate of China and evolved with the country. Tiananmen square can therefore be considered as a tangible spatial reflection of Chinese history in the last century. If during the Maoist Era Tiananmen square was frequently filled with manifesting crowds, gathered to legitimate the Communist leadership, after the student protest in 1989 the square became a fenced ground and have been slowly de-politicized together with Chinese society. Already after Mao’s death China inverted its root with Deng Xiaoping following what he addressed as the socialist path towards capitalism. From that moment till today, the Chinese State have proved to be one of the most powerful resource of reforms in history (Xi E. Li, 2015), strong of a strictly selected ruling class, that does not have to submit its decisions to the principles of democracy. Nevertheless, despite the huge transformation of the country, Tiananmen Square froze in a sort of status quo after the repression of 1989, suspending its role of mirror of the Chinese society. It still plays a role in the construction of national identity, but only trhough the realm of memory as a sacred icon of the PRC’s genesis. The project presented in this thesis raises the challenge to reactivate the role of Tiananmen square as a place that embodies the evolved nature of China without denying its roots. It implies a reformist approach that aims to accommodate the rituals and activities happening in the square into a contemporary urban and architectural scenography, while dealing with the unavoidable needs of national security, power representation and ideological consistency.
Negli ultimi cento anni la Cina ha attraversato la trasformazione più rapida e probabilmente più consistente della storia dell’uomo diventando la seconda economia mondiale per PIL nominale (FMI, 2018). Certamente non si è trattato solo di un miracolo economico ma di un articolato processo di riorganizzazione politica e sociale. Il nucleo di questa rivoluzione è sempre stata Piazza Tiananmen, un gigantesco vuoto urbano al centro di Pechino, che ha tracciato il destino della Cina moderna e che con essa si è trasformato. Piazza Tiananmen può quindi essere considerata come la tangibile traduzione spaziale della storia cinese dell’ultimo secolo. Se durante l’Epoca Maoista la piazza era regolarmente gremita di folle riunite a legittimare la leadership Comunista, dopo la protesta studentesca del 1989 venne cinta da una miriade di barriere e progressivamente depoliticizzata, insieme alla società cinese. Già dopo la morte di Mao la Cina aveva invertito la rotta, guidata da Deng Xiaoping in quella che egli definì “la via socialista al capitalismo”. Da quel momento ad oggi lo Stato Cinese si è dimostrato come la più potente risorsa di riforme della storia (Xi E. Li, 2015), forte della sua classe dirigente attentamente selezionata ed esente dal sottoporre le proprie decisioni al vaglio della democrazia. Tuttavia, nonostante l’enorme cambiamento del Paese, Piazza Tiananmen si è cristallizzata in una sorta di status quo dopo la sanguinosa repressione del 1989, sospendendo il suo ruolo di specchio della società cinese. Ancora oggi è parte integrante della costruzione dell’identità nazionale, ma solamente come luogo statico di memoria ed icona della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Il progetto presentato in questa Tesi si pone la sfida di riattivare Piazza Tiananmen come luogo che incarna la mutante situazione della Cina, senza negare le sue radici storiche. Ciò implica fondamentalmente un approccio riformista che miri ad accomodare i rituali e le attività proprie della piazza in una scenografia urbana e architettonica al passo con i tempi, tenendo ben presenti i bisogni imprescindibili di sicurezza nazionale, rappresentazione del potere e coerenza ideologica.
Tiananmen square. A spatial manifesto for contemporary China
OLIOSO, PIETRO
2018/2019
Abstract
In the last hundred years China undertook the quickest and probably most significant transformation in the whole human history. A process that put together the leftovers of monarchy and European colonization and brought the most populated country to be the second largest economy in the world for nominal GDP (International Monetary Fund, 2018). Obviously, this was not only an economic miracle but a complex process of social and political reorganization. The core of this revolution has always been Tiananmen Square, a huge urban void at the centre of Beijing, that defined the fate of China and evolved with the country. Tiananmen square can therefore be considered as a tangible spatial reflection of Chinese history in the last century. If during the Maoist Era Tiananmen square was frequently filled with manifesting crowds, gathered to legitimate the Communist leadership, after the student protest in 1989 the square became a fenced ground and have been slowly de-politicized together with Chinese society. Already after Mao’s death China inverted its root with Deng Xiaoping following what he addressed as the socialist path towards capitalism. From that moment till today, the Chinese State have proved to be one of the most powerful resource of reforms in history (Xi E. Li, 2015), strong of a strictly selected ruling class, that does not have to submit its decisions to the principles of democracy. Nevertheless, despite the huge transformation of the country, Tiananmen Square froze in a sort of status quo after the repression of 1989, suspending its role of mirror of the Chinese society. It still plays a role in the construction of national identity, but only trhough the realm of memory as a sacred icon of the PRC’s genesis. The project presented in this thesis raises the challenge to reactivate the role of Tiananmen square as a place that embodies the evolved nature of China without denying its roots. It implies a reformist approach that aims to accommodate the rituals and activities happening in the square into a contemporary urban and architectural scenography, while dealing with the unavoidable needs of national security, power representation and ideological consistency.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/149671