High strength synthetic fibers have seen a constant growth from the discovery of the first synthetic aramidic fiber, Kevlar, in the ‘70s. They have been introduced in many applications, from reinforcing fibers in tyres, sport equipment and aircrafts, to protective clothing. The success of aramid fibers derives from their molecular structure which gives a unique combination of mechanical properties, thermal resistance and chemical stability. Above all, the biggest success of this material is found in the field of antiballistic protection. Protective measures against explosions and projectile have unfortunately become an important concern not only for law enforcement officers and soldiers but also for normal people. The development of protective clothing with a material five times stronger than steel but lighter is therefore extremely attractive. The importance of these materials and their life-saving capability has motivated intensive research about them. Still nowadays a complete understanding of high-strength fabrics for antiballistic application is not yet reached since countless variables can drastically affect the outcome in this field. The present work intends to analyse several details that determine the ballistic performance of high-strength fabric-based protections, starting from the analysis of two specific fabrics but giving the instruments to understand the principles applicable in every other case of protective clothing. The analysis follows an engineering approach: the study starts from the macroscopic and microscopic observation of the materials aimed to characterize the micrometrical geometrical features, then the force-deformation behaviour of the fabrics is studied with a tailored quasi-static experiment. Finally, the ballistic tests are performed, both in a laboratory and at a firing range. Moreover, a section is dedicated to the analysis of numerical methods that are particularly demanding in this specific field. The ballistic performance is evaluated from the analysis of the results of the tests on the two fabrics. Some findings already discussed in literature are confirmed and other unprecedented results are obtained. The effects of the fabric features, the weaving process and the assembly of protections are analysed with particular attention; in addition, a multi-threat protection is produced and studied. Finally, some considerations about the development of new products where the studied fabrics give an additional protective functionality are discussed.
Le fibre sintetiche ad alta resistenza sono state soggette ad una crescita costante dalla scoperta della prima fibra aramidica sintetica, il Kevlar, negli anni ’70. Queste sono state introdotte in molte applicazioni, da fibre di rinforzo in pneumatici, attrezzature sportive ed aerei, a indumenti protettivi. Il successo delle fibre aramidiche deriva dalla loro struttura molecolare che conferisce una combinazione unica di proprietà meccaniche, resistenza al calore e stabilità chimica. Soprattutto, il maggior successo di tali materiali si riscontra nel campo delle protezioni antibalistiche. Le misure protettive contro esplosioni e proiettili sono diventate purtroppo di interesse non solo per le forze dell’ordine ma anche per le persone comuni. Lo sviluppo di indumenti protettivi con un materiale cinque volte più resistente dell’acciaio è quindi estremamente attraente. L’importanza di questi materiali e la loro capacità di salvare vite rappresenta il motivo per cui sono stati oggetto di intensa ricerca. Ad oggi non si ha una conocenza completa dei tessuti ad alta resistenza per applicazioni antibalistiche in quanto un innumerevole numero di variabili può cambiare radicalmente il risultato in questo campo. Il presente lavoro intende analizzare diverse caratteristiche che determinano la performance balistica delle protezioni basate su tessuti ad alta resistenza, partendo dall’analisi di due particolari tessuti ma dando gli strumenti per comprendere i principi che si applicano in ogni altro caso inerente. L’analisi segue un approccio ingegneristico: lo studio comincia dall’osservazione macroscopica e microscopica dei materiali con il fine di caratterizzarne gli aspetti geometrici alla micro-scala, in seguito il comportamento in sforzo-deformazione dei tessuti è studiato con un esperimento quasi-statico dedicato. Infine, i test balistici sono svolti, sia in un ambiente di laboratorio che presso un poligono di tiro. Inoltre, una sezione è dedicata all’analisi dei metodi numerici che richiedono un particolare impegno in questo specifico campo. La performance balistica è valutata dall’analisi dei risultati dei test sui due differenti tessuti. Alcune nozioni con precedenti in letteratura sono confermate mentre altri risultati senza precedenti simili sono stati ottenuti. Gli effetti delle caratteristiche dei tessuti, del processo di tessitura e dell’assemblaggio delle protezioni sono analizzati con particolare attenzione; inoltre, una protezione ottimizzata contro più minacce è stata prodotta e studiata. Infine, vengono discusse alcune considerazioni riguardo al possibile sviluppo di prodotti innovativi in cui i tessuti studiati conferiscono un’ulteriore funzionalità protettiva.
High strength fabrics for antiballistic protection : experimental evaluation of the performances of different fabrics
LIETTI, DAVIDE
2018/2019
Abstract
High strength synthetic fibers have seen a constant growth from the discovery of the first synthetic aramidic fiber, Kevlar, in the ‘70s. They have been introduced in many applications, from reinforcing fibers in tyres, sport equipment and aircrafts, to protective clothing. The success of aramid fibers derives from their molecular structure which gives a unique combination of mechanical properties, thermal resistance and chemical stability. Above all, the biggest success of this material is found in the field of antiballistic protection. Protective measures against explosions and projectile have unfortunately become an important concern not only for law enforcement officers and soldiers but also for normal people. The development of protective clothing with a material five times stronger than steel but lighter is therefore extremely attractive. The importance of these materials and their life-saving capability has motivated intensive research about them. Still nowadays a complete understanding of high-strength fabrics for antiballistic application is not yet reached since countless variables can drastically affect the outcome in this field. The present work intends to analyse several details that determine the ballistic performance of high-strength fabric-based protections, starting from the analysis of two specific fabrics but giving the instruments to understand the principles applicable in every other case of protective clothing. The analysis follows an engineering approach: the study starts from the macroscopic and microscopic observation of the materials aimed to characterize the micrometrical geometrical features, then the force-deformation behaviour of the fabrics is studied with a tailored quasi-static experiment. Finally, the ballistic tests are performed, both in a laboratory and at a firing range. Moreover, a section is dedicated to the analysis of numerical methods that are particularly demanding in this specific field. The ballistic performance is evaluated from the analysis of the results of the tests on the two fabrics. Some findings already discussed in literature are confirmed and other unprecedented results are obtained. The effects of the fabric features, the weaving process and the assembly of protections are analysed with particular attention; in addition, a multi-threat protection is produced and studied. Finally, some considerations about the development of new products where the studied fabrics give an additional protective functionality are discussed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/150339